AC3.2 Flashcards
Approaches
Environmental design
Behavioural tactics
Institutional tactics
Environmental design
Can affect level of crime in society - influences potential offenders, affects people’s ability to excersise control over their surroundings
Indefensible vs defensible spaces
Indefensible - crime is more likely to occur, ‘confused’ areas of public spaces, eg anonymous walkways or staircases
Defensible - areas where there are clear boundaries, obvious who has right to be there, have low crime rates due to territoriality, surveillance, safe image, safe location
Defensible key words
Territoriality - where the environment encourages a sense of ownership among residents, feeling that it is their territory and they can control it
Surveillance - features of buildings such as easily viewed entrance lobbies and street level windows allow residents to identify and observe strangers
Safe image - building designs should give the impression of a safe neighborhood where residents look after each other
Safe location - neighbourhoods located in the middle of a wider crime free area are insulated from the outside world by a moat of safety
Crime prevention through environmental design
C r Jeffery introduced it
Built environment can either create or deny opportunities to criminals
Similarly, in the uk, Alice Coleman analysed 4099 blocks of flats, poor design encouraged crime and antisocial behaviour - no more blocks of flats should be built, each block should have a garden or private space, overhead walkways to be removed
Overhead walkway removal found 50 percent crime decrease
Police forces employ architectural liason officers
SBD houses - secured by design - offer 30 percent lower crime rate
CPTED Example - gated lanes
Increase surveillance
Physical barrier
Harder to get through
Takes time
Sense that place is owned
Hard to use some
Benefits outweigh financial cost
Reduce rewards of crime
Don’t work in case of criminals living in the gated area
If neighbors aren’t close less likely to install or keep gates
Difficult installing gates in some places
Can restrict access for emergency services
CPTED Theories
Situational crime prevention- cameras, increased risks, reduced rewards, target hardening, lock cars, security guards etc
Rational choice - cons should outweigh pros, intruders fear increases
Criticisms of CPTED
Focuses on defence from outsiders, could be insiders
Cul- de- sacs are not always defensible spaces
People can get around cctv
Panoptican
Design of a prison
Cells are visible from a guards central viewing point
Prisoners can’t see guards but guards can see them - don’t know when they are being watched
Behave well all the time due to fear of being watched
Surveillance turns to self surveillance
Cctv could be a form of panoptican in today’s society
Behavioural tactics
ASBOS
Token economy
Asbo
Anti social behaviour order
Civil orders not criminal orders
Breaching their conditions was a criminal offence
Links to labelling theory as they label people so they become their label leading to more crime
We’re seen as a badge of honour by teens
Introduced in 1999
High level of non compliance
Replaced with criminal behaviour orders pr cbo in 2014
These can have negative and positive requirements
Token economy
Reward offenders for good behaviour by giving tokens to exchange for benefits
Based on social learning theory
Some may not engage as it is patronising
People become overruling on them
People could fake a change in behaviour
Institutional tactics
Sanctions - positive and negative, often consequences for actions,
Criminal justice institutions
Courts
Probation service
Prisons
Courts
Apply sanctions
Deter as people don’t want to go to court or go back so general and individual
Can order rehabilitation community orders like drug treatment
Probation service
Conditions offenders must meet or they go to prison, ankle tags etc
Prison
Rules including:
Using drugs or alcohol
Damaging prison
Not doing as staff tell you
Apply to all prisons
Breaking rules leads to punishments
Phased discipline
First offence dealt with more leniently
Repeat offending especially if more serious, met with stronger sanctions
