3.1 Flashcards
Social control
The mechanisms society uses to shape, supervise and regulate individuals behaviour
Peeles phlosophy for police
Detterance
Public cooperation/approval
Physical force is last resort
Impartially serve law
Citizens in uniform
Philosophy of police
Peel:1829
Riots we’re rife with little social control, only solution wad the army
Setting up police was controversial, public believed government were restricting their freedom
Tried to show police would act as detterants rather than harsh punishments
Philosophy
Core values at heart of agency, guide its operation
Aims/objectives
What agency want to seek or achieve
Funding
Income received by agency
Working practices
How agency operates in terms of actions duties and personnel
Reach
Where agency operates
Types of criminality
Type of crime agency seeks to control
Type of offender
Type of offenders agency control most
Police code of ethics
Police have to be fair, consistent and act properly
Link to peels original Police
Police don’t always follow it
Case studies for police philosophy
Sarah Everard
Hillsborough disaster
Binaa Henry and Nicole Smallman
Stephen Lawrence
Police working practices
Reach - cover all area allowing them to get to crime scenes quickly
Duties - enforce laws, arrest suspects, witness statements, suspect interviews, preserve crime scenes, stop and search, detain suspects, patrol, respond to public calls
Specialist roles and departments - detective, k9 unit, armed officers, hierarchy ranks, fraud and drug squads, transport police
Types of crime and offender - all except tax evasion and tax fraud which are dealt with by HM Revenue and Customs
Police aims
Keep peace, maintain order, protect life and property, prevent, detect and investigate crime, bring offenders to justice
Police funding
Funding fell in recent years by 19%, 2020/21 funding was £15.2 billion
2 3rds come from central government, rest comes from council taxes, small amount comes from charging services, e.g policing football matches
CPS Philosophy
Independent and fair
Honest and open
Treat everyone with respect
Behave professionally and strive for excellence
CPS aims and objectives
Decide which cases should be prosecuted
Determine appropriate charges in more serious or complex cases and advise the police
Prepare cases and present them at court
Provide information, assistance and support to victims and prosecution witnesses
CPS funding
Government funded
Majority of budget approved by Parliament
Recovers criminal assets through confiscation, restraint and enforcement activities
When costs are awarded by courts, the cps recovers some of the costs of its prosecutions from defendants
2016-2017 budget was £500,000,000
CPS working practices
Head of cps is director of public prosecutions
Code of practice has 2 parts, evidential test and public interest test
13 geographical areas across England and Wales
CPS Direct is available 24/7 to provide police with charging advice
Prison philosophy
Serves public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts
Looks after prisoners with humanity and help them lead law abiding and useful lives while in custody and after release
Prison aims and objectives
Must provide some form of punishment which involves the deprivation of liberty and all the consequences that has for the prisoner
Rehabilitation should be attempted for the individual to become law abiding when released
Tackling issues and challenges in outside life
Prison funding
Expenditure was £87 per day per prisoner in 2012
Most are government funded, finances raised through taxation
2015 budget was £3.4 billion
Average cost of keeping a prisoner was £36,000 per year in 2015
Police working practices
Most prisons are public sector and run by HM Prison service
109 out of 123 prisons in England and Wales are organised on this basis and run by national offender management service - NOMS
Prisons divided into categories, a, b, c and d which are open prisons
14 private prisons contracted to private security company G4S
Privileges are available to offenders depending on behaviours
Levels set at basic, standard and enhanced - need to behave well to be moved up but can also move down with bad behaviour
Judiciary philosophy
A judge promises to apply the law equally to every person
Loyal to monarch as they are the figurehead of the justice system and in whose name justice is carried out, and laws and order is maintained
Judiciary aims and objectives
Rule on appeal cases
Make decisions about the law including its interpretation and application
Generally manage the trial
Ensure human rights compliance
Judge explain procedure and legal issues to jury
Sum up evidence for jury
Pass sentences
Judiciary funding
Salaries decided following recommendation of senior salaries review body - ssrb
Provides independent advice to PM, lord Chancellor, secretary of the state for defence, on the remuneration of the judiciary
Judiciary working practices
Vital they make decisions solely on the basis of the law, evidence and facts
Sworn in by taking 2 oaths, oath of allegiance and judicial oath
Independent
Free from political control and cannot be dismissed by the government
