AC 3.2 Flashcards
Describe the contribution of agencies in achieving social control
- environmental design – defensible/indefensible spaces
-proposed by Oscar Newman
-indefensible = owned by no-one, anonymous areas
-55% of crimes committed in New York occurred in public stairwells, lift, walkways
-defensible = clear boundaries, generation of territory, natural surveillance, moat of safety, positive image, crime is lower
case study: Damilola Taylor
-killed in a defensible space (stairwell)
-no one had a specific territory
-no surveillance around it = anonymous area
- environmental design – Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
-Jeffery – it is possible to alter the physical environment so that crime is less likely:
-creating open spaces with lots of lighting
-lack of hiding spaces to enable people to see around places
-low-level bushes
does CPTED work?
-‘secured by design’ = new buildings meet crime prevention standards, 30% lower burglary rate in new houses (+)
-Lisson Green Estate, West London, removal of overhead walkways led to a 50% reduction in crime (+)
-CPTED principles suggest that criminals operate in hidden places, not always true (-)
-crime has only been displaces to other areas (-)
-Ohio, CPTED partnership plan with housing authority, residents and police officers resulted in a 13% reduction in crime (+)
- environmental design – gated lanes
-involves placing lockable gates at the ends of alleyways and passages
-benefits:
-extra security to prevent burglary
-restricted access to prevent anti-social behaviour
-creation of safe play areas for children
-improved community spirit and sense of shared ownership
- prison design – panopticon
-designed by Bentham
-all-seeing design with a tower in the centre
-permanent visibility ensures a sense of power
-guards can see prisoners but prisoners can’t see guards
-leads to self surveillance
-example, HMP Pentonville
-achieves social control – people will be aware of the fact that they are being watched even when they aren’t = self-surveillance
- prison design – American super-max jails
-provides higher levels of custody than a max-security prison
-classed as a super-max or ‘control unit’ prison
-long term, segregated housing for those who present a risk of national and international harm
-example, United States Penitentiary Florence, Colorado
-achieves social control – in the same place for 23 hours a day with limited freedom and not being able to engage with others, no option but to conform
- prison design – human ecological prison
-making use of human ecology as a method of teaching individuals to discover that they are part of a global community
-example, Bastoey Prison, Norway – live in houses that are in a self-sustaining village, low rate of recidivism (20%)
-achieves social control – teaches life skills and how to live in a community, work with others, rehabilitation
- behavioural design – ASBOs
-Anti Social Behaviour Orders
-introduced in 1998 by Tony Blair
-deal with low-level anti-social behaviour
-civil orders, not criminal orders, breaching an ASBO was an offence – 5 years in prison
-between 2000 and 2013, over 24,000 people received ASBOs, 58% breached them
-labelling theorists = became a ‘badge of honour’
- behavioural design – CBOs
-Criminal Behaviour Orders
-replaced ASBOs, under anti-social behaviour, crime and policing act (2014)
-injunctions: low level nuisances, breaching injunctions = 2 years in prison (adults), 3 month detention order (under 18s)
-CBOs: for those who cause harassment or distress, breaching = up to 5 years in prison (adult), 2 years (under 18s)
-forbids someone from doing something, going somewhere, seeing someone or engaging in certain activities
-many need to attend programmes
- behavioural design – token economies
-form of behaviour modification that increases desirable behaviour and decreases undesirable behaviour through tokens
-receive them for displaying desirable behaviours: keeping clean, following rules
-collected and exchanged for privilege: extra visiting time, TV
do token economies work?
-do while in the institution, Hobbs and Holt (1979) studied 125 boys aged 12-15 in a correctional institution in the US, behaviour was changed for the duration of the 14 months (+)
-when offenders leave prison, desirable behaviours disappear, return to crime more slowly (-)
-behaviour is modified to suit the institution, don’t meet the needs of the prisoner being rehabilitated upon release (-)
-might not be the tokens that positively reinforce, instead it is the extra attention the prisoners receive (-)
- behavioural design – IEPs
-incentives and earned privileges
-IEP levels depend on whether the prisoner:
-keeps to the rules
-takes part in work/ activities
-shows commitment to rehabilitation
-helps other prisoners or staff
-all enter prisons on standard
basic ← standard ← enhanced
-if they follow the rules:
-spend more money
-get more visits
-have a TV in the cell
- institutional
-individual institutions will have their own tactics for ensuring social tactics
-prison isn’t any different
-list of misdemeanours and punishments
- institutional design – actions that break the rules
-behaving in a way that could offend, threaten or hurt someone
-stopping prison staff from doing their jobs
-attempting or escaping
-taking drugs or alcohol
-causing damage to prison
-not following instructions
- institutional design – possible punishments
-if serious, extra 42 days in prison for each offence
-caution
-privileges removed for up to 42 days
-up to 84 days worth of money earned could be stopped
-solitary confinement for up to 35 days
- institutional design – staged discipline
-some institutions, example schools, have staged discipline
-students get a detention following a warning
-stage one: verbal warning
-stage two: written warning
-stage three: final warning/suspension
-stage four: termination
- gaps in state provision
-refers to the agencies that are funded by the government: CPS, police, courts etc.
-all achieve some degree of control over criminal and anti-social behaviour
-can never be complete
- gaps in state provision – lack of resources/budget cuts
-funding comes from Government/taxpayers
-criminal justice agencies are competing with other state-funded sectors: NHS, education
-since financial crisis of 2008:
-police budget cut by 19%, fall of 20,000
-CPS budget cut by 1/4 and lost 1/3 of staff
-prison budget fell by 16% and staff levels by 15%
- gaps in state provision – unreported crime
-agencies can only control crime if it’s reported
-dark figure of crime is around 60%
-only about 1 in 4 rapes rapes are reported
-estimated 2.3 million domestic abuse cases occurred in 2019-2020, 759,000 were recorded
-white collar crime/corporate crime is under-reported
- gaps in state provision – new technology
-increases burden of agencies
-problems accessing data on mobiles had led to failures to disclose evidence and a fall in numbers of sexual offence charges
-example, “take on recent rape case where they met on Tinder - it took 600 police hours to go through the digital material”
- gaps in state provision – existing laws
-having to adhere to one set of laws can prevent others being implemented
-example, 1/3 of those who have won an appeal against the UK are terrorists, prisoners or criminals
-Human rights act (1998) has enabled them to remain in the UK and avoid deportation
