A.C 3.2 Flashcards
What is Environmental design?
This relates to the physical alterations to a neighborhood which can reduce crime by natural surveillance of clear, open spaces and increase the likelihood of detection and apprehension of offenders.
What is the Broken Window Theory?
demonstrates how neglected areas encourage further crime as they show visible signs of crime, anti-social behaviour which promotes graffiti, public drinking and substance abuse as well as more serious crimes such as theft, criminal damage and physical assaults. (Wilson and Kelling)
What is CPTED?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design is based on the idea that some crime arises from opportunity due to the physical surroundings which can be altered to minimize the crime. (Ray Jeffery)
How can we improve dense, full spaces?
make open spaces. Offenders can be seen approaching and acting and hence are deterred as offenders can be observed and identified. Gravel path ways means a person can be heard approaching
How can we improve poor lighting?
Full and bright lighting. Avoid dark areas where crime can be conducted unseen. Offenders can be observed and identified. E.g, on stairwells in flats. light alleyways. lights that come on when getting dark or property approached.
How can we improve obstruction of view?
clear shrubs, rubbish etc., clear lines of sight. Early warning signs of crime can be observed. create clear line of sight. create straight pathways and alleyways. keep hedges and plants low.
How do we improve places to hide?
remove obstacles, improving lighting to see around corners, no blind spots. remove ability to hide if observed will deter cautious. low level bushes. remove places for substance abuse, fly tipping, dog fouling
How could we improve opaque doors and good property maintenance and home security
use of transparent doors/windows. Secure windows and doors. open entrance, visibility of people calling to the property. Secured locks, entry coms, open corridors, dusk-to-dawn lighting, mirrors
How are prisons designed to improve environment?
The panopticon- Jeremy Bentham . It allows for all the inmates to be watched by a prison officer without the inmates knowing whether or not they are actually being observed. It was thought that this would encourage them to regulate their own behaviour.
How are Super-max prisons designs?
They are prisons offering super maximum levels of security for the most dangerous criminals such as those who threaten national security. The idea developed in America. The first in the UK was HMP Wakefield. Abu Hamza was held in HM Belmarsh
What are Gated Lanes?
it is another environmental design which is thought to deter criminals as they prevent homeless from gaining access to the rear of premises. Whilst not necessarily a deterrent in themselves, they do present an obstacle for a quick get-away and prevent fly-tipping although they are critiqued for being expensive.
What are the types of Behavioral tactics?
A criminal Behaviour Order (CBO)
Civil Protection Notice (CPN)
Token economy
What is a Criminal Behaviour Order?
- usually issued by a magistrate
- addresses behaviour where the behaviour has or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to any person.
- prevent the behaviour and can impose positive action.
- a power of arrest can be included but is not a criminal offence
What is a token economy?
- a form of operant conditioning
- good behaviour is rewarded to reduce bad behaviour.
- was introduced as the “Incentives and Earned Scheme” = prisoners get rewards such as more visits, time out of cells, or more money to spend
- punishments can be segregation or removal of TV from their cell
What are the limitations of token economies?
little rehabilitative value (Blackburn)
only short term effects on young offenders
