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Pharm II > Abx > Flashcards

Abx Flashcards

1
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Prevention of disease- taking abx before surgery or procedure to prevent infection

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2
Q

Empiric therapy

A

Treatment with abx before the specific organism has been identified

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3
Q

Definitve therapy

A

abx use based on identified organism

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4
Q

normal flora

A

microorganisms that are found on specific areas of the body

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5
Q

colonization

A

growth of microorganisms in a particular body site

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6
Q

infection

A

disease caused by microorganism

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7
Q

Superinfection

A

new infection occurring in a patient who already has an infection- opportunistic infection

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8
Q

Contamination

A

introduction of pathogens into normally clean and sterile environment

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9
Q

bactericidal

A

capable of killing bacteria

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10
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibition or retardation of growth of bacteria with out their destruction

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11
Q

Susceptibility of a suspected pathogen

A

Determination of which abx to use based on known characteristics such as site of infection of gram status

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12
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

minimum amount of abx needed to inhibit bacterial growth

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13
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration

A

minimum concentration that results in reduction in 99% of colony

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14
Q

susceptible

A

an organism that is likely to respond to treatment with drug at recommended dosage

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15
Q

Intermediate susceptibility

A

More toxic antibiotic requirted- between susceptible and resistant

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16
Q

moderately susceptible

A

abx used at higher dosage due to low toxicity or in concentrated infection

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17
Q

Resistant

A

not expected to respond to given drug irrespective of dosage and location of infection

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18
Q

Site of infection

A

clues to bacteria involved and which drugs are applicable- IE blood brain barrier, anaerobe GI site

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19
Q

Severity of infection

A

Determine dosage- IV vs oral, bactericidal or bacteristatic

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20
Q

Immune system

A

host characteristic- immunocompromised, alcoholism & DM community or hospital acquired infection

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21
Q

Renal function

A

reduction in function causes accumulation of antibiotic- monitor serum creatinine

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22
Q

Liver function

A

drugs may not be properly eliminated- erythromycin & tetracyclone

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23
Q

Perfusion

A

Poor perfusion prevents drug from getting to intended area- lower limbs of DM

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24
Q

age

A

Renal & hepatic elimination different in neonates- Young and old more vulnerable to side effects

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25
Q

Pregnancy

A

Abx cross the placenta- A, B, C, D, X- X is worst, A is best

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26
Q

Lactation

A

Abx through breastmilk- can cause detrimental effects

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27
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

isoniazid- acts against a single or limited group of microorganisms

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28
Q

extended spectrum

A

ampicillin- as a result of chemical modification acts against many groups of organisms IE- gram - & gram +

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29
Q

Broad spectrum

A

tetracycline & chloramphenicol- acts against a wide range of bacteria

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30
Q

bactericidal drugs

A

Kill bacteria- peniciilans

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31
Q

bacteriostatic

A

slow growth to a level where immune system can respond- tetracycline, sulfonamides, macrolides

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32
Q

Cost

A

patient will not pick up if too expensive

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33
Q

interaction

A

with other Rx

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34
Q

Synergistic inhibitory effect

A

sum of both drugs is greater than sum of one alone

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35
Q

Additive effect

A

therapeutic combination of two or more drugs that is equal to the sum of the individual drug

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36
Q

Combination therapy

A
  • treatment of polymicrobial infections
  • decrease dose related toxicity
  • decreases changes of resistant microbes
  • treat organism with unknown identity
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37
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

Beta lactam agonist- restores function of antibiotic by addressing resistance

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38
Q

Aminoglycosides- Mech of action

A

Ribosomal protein synthesis inhibitor- bacteriostatic- can be cidal with increased concentration

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39
Q

Aminoglycosides- Types

A

End in mycin- gentomycin, streptomycin, neomycin

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40
Q

Aminoglycosides- Spectrum of activity

A

Gram -
Including Pseudomoas aerug- severe
Synergistic with beta lactam for gram +

41
Q

Aminoglycosides- routes of admin

A

IV, IM, Topical

42
Q

Aminoglycosides- Side effects

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Neuromuscular paralysis
Allergic rxn- skin rash

43
Q

Aminoglycosides- Drug interactions

A

BCG, cidofovir & strptozocin

44
Q

Beta Lactams

A

Penicillin, Cephalosporins, carbapenem & vancomycin

45
Q

Penicillin- Mech of action

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis leads to cell lysis

46
Q

Penicillins- Names

A

End in cillin- penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin

47
Q

Penicillin- Adverse reaction

A

Allergy, anaphylaxis, rash

Diarrhea

48
Q

Penicillins- Uses

A

Gram +

Streptococci

49
Q

Peinicillin G, VK

A

Drug of choice for N Meningitis, syphilis

50
Q

Ampicillin & amoxicillin

A

Gram +
Extended spectrum
Respiratory infections
Streptococci, enterococci

51
Q

Penicillin- Resistance

A

Beta lactamase activity
lack peptidoglycan wall
decreased permeability

52
Q

Penicillin- route of admin

A

Oral (before meals), IV, IM

53
Q

Cephalosporins- mech of action

A

Beta lactam antibiotics- inhibit cell wall synthesis

54
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

cephlexn, cefazolin

55
Q

1st generation cephalosporin- spectrum of activity

A

Gram +: Strept, MSSA some Gram -: E.coli, Klebissela

skin & resp infections

56
Q

2nd generation Cephalosporin- spectrum of activity

A

Gram +: Strept, MSSA

Gram - : Good coverage- B fragilis

57
Q

2nd generation cephalosporin- drug names

A

cefuroxime, cefotetan, ceforitin

58
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins- drug names

A

ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftzidime

59
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins- spectrum of activity

A

Resp & serious infections
Penetrates CSF
Gram +: Strept, MSSA
Gram - Very good- pseudomonas

60
Q

4th generation cephalosporins- drugs

A

cefepime

61
Q

4th generation cehpalosporins- spectrum of activity

A

Gram +: Strept, MSSA

Gram - excellent- through Pseudomondas

62
Q

Cephalosporins- adverse reactions

A

Allergic rxn
Diarrhea
Anemia & thrombocytopenia
Seizures

63
Q

Cephalosporins- Dose

A

Renal function changes & toxicity

64
Q

Cephalosporins- Route of admin

A

Oral- litte difference in spectrum due to concentration

IV, IM

65
Q

Monobactam- mechanism of action

A

Disrupt cell wall synthesis- baceriacidal

66
Q

Monobactam- route of admin

A

IV, IM

67
Q

Monobactam- drug

A

aztreonam

68
Q

Monobactam- spectrum of activity

A

Gram -

Up to pseudomondas

69
Q

Carbapenem- mech of action

A

Beta lactam- disrupt cell wall synthesis

70
Q

Carbapenem- Drugs

A

End in penem- imipenem

71
Q

Carbapenem- Adverse effects

A

N/V/Diarrhea
Allergy- penicillin
seizures

72
Q

Carbapenem- Spectrum of action

A

Broad- severe infections
Gram +: Strept, MSSA
Gram - psuedomonas
Anarobes

73
Q

Carbapenem- Route of admin

A

IV or IM

penetrate CSF

74
Q

Vancomycin- Mech of action

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis- beta lactam

75
Q

Vancomycin- Spectrum of activity

A

Drug of choice for MRSA
Strept, Staph, Entero
No Gram -

76
Q

Vancomycin- Adverse effects

A

Red-man syndrome
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

77
Q

Vancomycin- Drug interactions

A

BCG live, cidofovir, streptozocin

78
Q

Macrolides- drugs

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

79
Q

Macrolides- Mech of activity

A

Ribosomal inhibition- bacteriostatic

80
Q

Macrolide- Spectrum of activity

A

Gram +
Chlamydia & syphallis
Atypical respiratory infections: Legionella, pneumoniae

81
Q

Macrolides- Adverse Rxn

A

N/V/diarrhea
Phlebitis
Prolonged QT interval

82
Q

Macrolides- Drug interactions

A

lots! CYP 450 fluconozole, lovastatin,

83
Q

Tetracyclines- Drugs

A

end in cycline- doxycycline, tetracycline, mincycline

84
Q

Tetracycline- Mech of action

A

Ribosomal protein synthesis inhibitor- bacteriostatic

85
Q

Tetracycline- spectrum of activity

A

Gram + strept & MSSA
Weak Gram -
A typical respiratory infections

86
Q

Tetracycline- adverse reactions

A

Photosensativity
N/V/D
Toothdiscoloration

87
Q

Quinolones- Drugs

A

“floxacin”

ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

88
Q

Quinolones- Mech of action

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis- bacteriostatic

89
Q

Quinolones- Spectrum of activity

A

Gram -
Some Gram +
Atypical respiratory infections

90
Q

Quinolones- adverse reactions

A

Nausea, dizziness, headache, insomnia

91
Q

Quinolones- Drug interactions

A

Oral binding with cations- Ca, Fe, Antacids

92
Q

Sulfa Drugs

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

93
Q

Sulfa- Mech of action

A

Inhibit folic acid synthesis- formation of essential cofactor- bacteriostatic

94
Q

Sulfa- Spectrum of activity

A

Gram + Strept, MSSA

Gram - Enterobacteriacae

95
Q

Sulfa- Adverse reactions

A

Allergic- rash
N/V/D
kernicterus
Neutropenia, thrombocytopnea

96
Q

Sulfa- Drug interactions

A

Warfarin

97
Q

Anaerobic agents

A

Clindamycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol

98
Q

Anaerobic- mech of action

A

Inhibition of ribosome- bacteriostatic

99
Q

Sulfa- Route of admin

A

oral, IV, topical, suppositories

Pharm II (5 decks)

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