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Abx Flashcards

1
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Prevention of disease- taking abx before surgery or procedure to prevent infection

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2
Q

Empiric therapy

A

Treatment with abx before the specific organism has been identified

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3
Q

Definitve therapy

A

abx use based on identified organism

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4
Q

normal flora

A

microorganisms that are found on specific areas of the body

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5
Q

colonization

A

growth of microorganisms in a particular body site

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6
Q

infection

A

disease caused by microorganism

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7
Q

Superinfection

A

new infection occurring in a patient who already has an infection- opportunistic infection

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8
Q

Contamination

A

introduction of pathogens into normally clean and sterile environment

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9
Q

bactericidal

A

capable of killing bacteria

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10
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibition or retardation of growth of bacteria with out their destruction

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11
Q

Susceptibility of a suspected pathogen

A

Determination of which abx to use based on known characteristics such as site of infection of gram status

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12
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

minimum amount of abx needed to inhibit bacterial growth

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13
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration

A

minimum concentration that results in reduction in 99% of colony

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14
Q

susceptible

A

an organism that is likely to respond to treatment with drug at recommended dosage

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15
Q

Intermediate susceptibility

A

More toxic antibiotic requirted- between susceptible and resistant

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16
Q

moderately susceptible

A

abx used at higher dosage due to low toxicity or in concentrated infection

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17
Q

Resistant

A

not expected to respond to given drug irrespective of dosage and location of infection

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18
Q

Site of infection

A

clues to bacteria involved and which drugs are applicable- IE blood brain barrier, anaerobe GI site

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19
Q

Severity of infection

A

Determine dosage- IV vs oral, bactericidal or bacteristatic

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20
Q

Immune system

A

host characteristic- immunocompromised, alcoholism & DM community or hospital acquired infection

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21
Q

Renal function

A

reduction in function causes accumulation of antibiotic- monitor serum creatinine

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22
Q

Liver function

A

drugs may not be properly eliminated- erythromycin & tetracyclone

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23
Q

Perfusion

A

Poor perfusion prevents drug from getting to intended area- lower limbs of DM

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24
Q

age

A

Renal & hepatic elimination different in neonates- Young and old more vulnerable to side effects

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25
Pregnancy
Abx cross the placenta- A, B, C, D, X- X is worst, A is best
26
Lactation
Abx through breastmilk- can cause detrimental effects
27
Narrow spectrum
isoniazid- acts against a single or limited group of microorganisms
28
extended spectrum
ampicillin- as a result of chemical modification acts against many groups of organisms IE- gram - & gram +
29
Broad spectrum
tetracycline & chloramphenicol- acts against a wide range of bacteria
30
bactericidal drugs
Kill bacteria- peniciilans
31
bacteriostatic
slow growth to a level where immune system can respond- tetracycline, sulfonamides, macrolides
32
Cost
patient will not pick up if too expensive
33
interaction
with other Rx
34
Synergistic inhibitory effect
sum of both drugs is greater than sum of one alone
35
Additive effect
therapeutic combination of two or more drugs that is equal to the sum of the individual drug
36
Combination therapy
- treatment of polymicrobial infections - decrease dose related toxicity - decreases changes of resistant microbes - treat organism with unknown identity
37
Clavulanic acid
Beta lactam agonist- restores function of antibiotic by addressing resistance
38
Aminoglycosides- Mech of action
Ribosomal protein synthesis inhibitor- bacteriostatic- can be cidal with increased concentration
39
Aminoglycosides- Types
End in mycin- gentomycin, streptomycin, neomycin
40
Aminoglycosides- Spectrum of activity
Gram - Including Pseudomoas aerug- severe Synergistic with beta lactam for gram +
41
Aminoglycosides- routes of admin
IV, IM, Topical
42
Aminoglycosides- Side effects
Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Neuromuscular paralysis Allergic rxn- skin rash
43
Aminoglycosides- Drug interactions
BCG, cidofovir & strptozocin
44
Beta Lactams
Penicillin, Cephalosporins, carbapenem & vancomycin
45
Penicillin- Mech of action
Inhibit cell wall synthesis leads to cell lysis
46
Penicillins- Names
End in cillin- penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin
47
Penicillin- Adverse reaction
Allergy, anaphylaxis, rash | Diarrhea
48
Penicillins- Uses
Gram + | Streptococci
49
Peinicillin G, VK
Drug of choice for N Meningitis, syphilis
50
Ampicillin & amoxicillin
Gram + Extended spectrum Respiratory infections Streptococci, enterococci
51
Penicillin- Resistance
Beta lactamase activity lack peptidoglycan wall decreased permeability
52
Penicillin- route of admin
Oral (before meals), IV, IM
53
Cephalosporins- mech of action
Beta lactam antibiotics- inhibit cell wall synthesis
54
1st generation cephalosporins
cephlexn, cefazolin
55
1st generation cephalosporin- spectrum of activity
Gram +: Strept, MSSA some Gram -: E.coli, Klebissela | skin & resp infections
56
2nd generation Cephalosporin- spectrum of activity
Gram +: Strept, MSSA | Gram - : Good coverage- B fragilis
57
2nd generation cephalosporin- drug names
cefuroxime, cefotetan, ceforitin
58
3rd generation cephalosporins- drug names
ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftzidime
59
3rd generation cephalosporins- spectrum of activity
Resp & serious infections Penetrates CSF Gram +: Strept, MSSA Gram - Very good- pseudomonas
60
4th generation cephalosporins- drugs
cefepime
61
4th generation cehpalosporins- spectrum of activity
Gram +: Strept, MSSA | Gram - excellent- through Pseudomondas
62
Cephalosporins- adverse reactions
Allergic rxn Diarrhea Anemia & thrombocytopenia Seizures
63
Cephalosporins- Dose
Renal function changes & toxicity
64
Cephalosporins- Route of admin
Oral- litte difference in spectrum due to concentration | IV, IM
65
Monobactam- mechanism of action
Disrupt cell wall synthesis- baceriacidal
66
Monobactam- route of admin
IV, IM
67
Monobactam- drug
aztreonam
68
Monobactam- spectrum of activity
Gram - | Up to pseudomondas
69
Carbapenem- mech of action
Beta lactam- disrupt cell wall synthesis
70
Carbapenem- Drugs
End in penem- imipenem
71
Carbapenem- Adverse effects
N/V/Diarrhea Allergy- penicillin seizures
72
Carbapenem- Spectrum of action
Broad- severe infections Gram +: Strept, MSSA Gram - psuedomonas Anarobes
73
Carbapenem- Route of admin
IV or IM | penetrate CSF
74
Vancomycin- Mech of action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis- beta lactam
75
Vancomycin- Spectrum of activity
Drug of choice for MRSA Strept, Staph, Entero No Gram -
76
Vancomycin- Adverse effects
Red-man syndrome Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity
77
Vancomycin- Drug interactions
BCG live, cidofovir, streptozocin
78
Macrolides- drugs
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
79
Macrolides- Mech of activity
Ribosomal inhibition- bacteriostatic
80
Macrolide- Spectrum of activity
Gram + Chlamydia & syphallis Atypical respiratory infections: Legionella, pneumoniae
81
Macrolides- Adverse Rxn
N/V/diarrhea Phlebitis Prolonged QT interval
82
Macrolides- Drug interactions
lots! CYP 450 fluconozole, lovastatin,
83
Tetracyclines- Drugs
end in cycline- doxycycline, tetracycline, mincycline
84
Tetracycline- Mech of action
Ribosomal protein synthesis inhibitor- bacteriostatic
85
Tetracycline- spectrum of activity
Gram + strept & MSSA Weak Gram - A typical respiratory infections
86
Tetracycline- adverse reactions
Photosensativity N/V/D Toothdiscoloration
87
Quinolones- Drugs
"floxacin" | ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin
88
Quinolones- Mech of action
Inhibit DNA synthesis- bacteriostatic
89
Quinolones- Spectrum of activity
Gram - Some Gram + Atypical respiratory infections
90
Quinolones- adverse reactions
Nausea, dizziness, headache, insomnia
91
Quinolones- Drug interactions
Oral binding with cations- Ca, Fe, Antacids
92
Sulfa Drugs
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
93
Sulfa- Mech of action
Inhibit folic acid synthesis- formation of essential cofactor- bacteriostatic
94
Sulfa- Spectrum of activity
Gram + Strept, MSSA | Gram - Enterobacteriacae
95
Sulfa- Adverse reactions
Allergic- rash N/V/D kernicterus Neutropenia, thrombocytopnea
96
Sulfa- Drug interactions
Warfarin
97
Anaerobic agents
Clindamycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol
98
Anaerobic- mech of action
Inhibition of ribosome- bacteriostatic
99
Sulfa- Route of admin
oral, IV, topical, suppositories

Pharm II (5 decks)

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