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Abuse Stimulants (Damaj) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a class of drugs that keep you going mentally and physically, cause arousal euphoria, suppression of fatigue and appetite and has peripheral effects such as increased heart rate, and elevated blood pressure?

A

Stimulants

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2
Q

What are four categories of stimulants?

A
  1. Cocaine
  2. Amphetamines
  3. Nicotine
  4. Methylxanthines
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3
Q

What is an example of a cocaine drug?

A

Crack

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine drugs?

A

Reuptake inhibition

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5
Q

What is an example of an amphetamine?

A

Ice, CAT, Ritalin

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amphetamines?

A

Release reuptake

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7
Q

What are some examples of usage of amphetamines?

A

ADHD and Obesity

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8
Q

What is an example of a methylxanthines?

A

Caffeine

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthines?

A

Adenosine receptors

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10
Q

What substances contain methylxanthines?

A

OTC drugs, Beverages

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11
Q

What schedule are amphetamines?

A

Schedule II

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12
Q

Where are amphetamines metabolized?

A

In the liver

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13
Q

What are the central effects of amphetamines?

A
  1. Stimulation
  2. Euphoria
  3. Anorexia
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14
Q

What are some peripheral effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Increase in BP
  2. Decrease in GI motility
  3. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amphetamine?

A

Inhibits the dopamine transporter, decreasing dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft causing an increase in extracellular dopamine concentration

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16
Q

What amphetamine is used as an appetite suppressor?

A

Dexfenfluramine

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17
Q

What are some signs of amphetamine tolerance?

A
  1. Peripheral
  2. Anorexic
  3. Euphoric (but not stimulant
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18
Q

What are the main routes of amphetamine abuse?

A

I.V., oral or smoke

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19
Q

What are some low dose effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Increase BP
  2. Lower appetite
  3. Improve mood
  4. Alertness
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20
Q

What are some medium dose effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Insomnia

2. Agitation

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21
Q

What are some high dose effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Outbursts
  2. Stereotypy
  3. Paranoia
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22
Q

What are some signs of amphetamine dependence?

A
  1. Abdominal cramping
  2. Depression
  3. Anxiety
  4. Increased appetite
  5. Suicidal tendencies
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23
Q

What percentage of people with physical dependence on amphetamines demonstrate “full-blown” signs?

A

Only 5%

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24
Q

What schedule is methamphetamine?

A

Schedule II

25
Is methamphetamine more or less toxic than amphetamine?
More toxic
26
Is methamphetamine more or less potent than amphetamine?
More potent
27
What is the smokable form of methamphetamine called?
"Ice"
28
Where is methamphetamine rapidly absorbed?
From the lungs
29
When does the "peak" occur with methamphetamine?
Within 30 minutes of inhalation
30
How long do the effects of methamphetamine last?
15 hours
31
Is methylphenidate (ritalin) a stronger or weaker stimulant than amphetamine?
Weaker
32
How is Ritalin abused?
Ground up and snorted or injected
33
Where is cocaine found in nature?
The leaves of the coca shrub
34
When was cocaine first isolated?
1859
35
What nation consumes the most cocaine?
The United States
36
What are the main demographic characteristics of the average cocaine user?
Young, male (75%) and polydrug users (85% to 90% are alcohol dependent)
37
Where is cocaine absorbed?
Absorbed from "all sites of application"
38
Does cocaine penetrate the brain and placenta?
Yes
39
How quickly does smoking cocaine reach the brain?
6-8 seconds
40
How quickly does cocaine reach the brain if taken intravenously?
10-15 seconds
41
How long does it take for cocaine to reach the brain when taken intranasally?
A few minutes (limited absorption)
42
Where is cocaine metabolized?
In the plasma and liver by cholinesterases
43
Where are metabolites of cocaine found?
In hair and urine (making these items useful for drug testing)
44
What are the 2 main targets that cocaine acts upon?
1. Neuronal sodium channels (has local anesthetic properties) 2. Neurotransmitters uptake transporters
45
What is cocaine's mechanism of action?
Blocks the reuptake of dopamine by binding to dopamine transporters. This causes euphoria.
46
Has congress decided whether "crack" and "cocaine" are different?
Apparently not
47
How does one feel when on crack cocaine?
Alert, energetic, confident, and physically strong at regular doses. Anxious and panicky at high doses.
48
Will most people get high from first-time cocaine use?
Yes
49
Will most people become addicted from first-time cocaine use?
Probably not
50
Does tolerance to cocaine develop rapidly or slowly?
Develops rapidly, thus there is a high risk of toxicity
51
What follows the quick evolution of occasional cocaine use to compulsive binge use?
A "crash"
52
Does cocaine have high psychological dependence?
Yes
53
What drug has a potentially dangerous interaction with cocaine?
Alcohol
54
Is there a cocaine antagonist?
Nope
55
What are some examples of cocaine toxicity?
1. Cocaine psychosis 2. Convulsions, hyperthermia, panic disorders 3. Pulmonary complications 4. Cardiovascular disorderes (arrythmias, cerebral thrombosis)
56
What complicates prenatal toxicity of cocaine?
Poly-drug abuse in pregnant women
57
What are the pharmacological aims of treating cocaine abuse?
Decrease cravings and elevate dependence or symptoms of withdrawal
58
What are some possible future drugs to combat cocaine abuse?
1. Dopamine uptake inhibitor 2. Dopamine receptor blocker 3. Increase plasma cholinesterase 4. Cocaine "vaccine" (get body to make antibodies against cocaine)

xD3 Pharm Exam 3 (8 decks)

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