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xD3 Pharm Exam 3 > Abuse Stimulants (Damaj) > Flashcards

Abuse Stimulants (Damaj) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a class of drugs that keep you going mentally and physically, cause arousal euphoria, suppression of fatigue and appetite and has peripheral effects such as increased heart rate, and elevated blood pressure?

A

Stimulants

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2
Q

What are four categories of stimulants?

A
  1. Cocaine
  2. Amphetamines
  3. Nicotine
  4. Methylxanthines
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3
Q

What is an example of a cocaine drug?

A

Crack

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine drugs?

A

Reuptake inhibition

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5
Q

What is an example of an amphetamine?

A

Ice, CAT, Ritalin

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amphetamines?

A

Release reuptake

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7
Q

What are some examples of usage of amphetamines?

A

ADHD and Obesity

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8
Q

What is an example of a methylxanthines?

A

Caffeine

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthines?

A

Adenosine receptors

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10
Q

What substances contain methylxanthines?

A

OTC drugs, Beverages

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11
Q

What schedule are amphetamines?

A

Schedule II

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12
Q

Where are amphetamines metabolized?

A

In the liver

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13
Q

What are the central effects of amphetamines?

A
  1. Stimulation
  2. Euphoria
  3. Anorexia
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14
Q

What are some peripheral effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Increase in BP
  2. Decrease in GI motility
  3. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amphetamine?

A

Inhibits the dopamine transporter, decreasing dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft causing an increase in extracellular dopamine concentration

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16
Q

What amphetamine is used as an appetite suppressor?

A

Dexfenfluramine

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17
Q

What are some signs of amphetamine tolerance?

A
  1. Peripheral
  2. Anorexic
  3. Euphoric (but not stimulant
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18
Q

What are the main routes of amphetamine abuse?

A

I.V., oral or smoke

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19
Q

What are some low dose effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Increase BP
  2. Lower appetite
  3. Improve mood
  4. Alertness
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20
Q

What are some medium dose effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Insomnia

2. Agitation

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21
Q

What are some high dose effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Outbursts
  2. Stereotypy
  3. Paranoia
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22
Q

What are some signs of amphetamine dependence?

A
  1. Abdominal cramping
  2. Depression
  3. Anxiety
  4. Increased appetite
  5. Suicidal tendencies
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23
Q

What percentage of people with physical dependence on amphetamines demonstrate “full-blown” signs?

A

Only 5%

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24
Q

What schedule is methamphetamine?

A

Schedule II

25
Q

Is methamphetamine more or less toxic than amphetamine?

A

More toxic

26
Q

Is methamphetamine more or less potent than amphetamine?

A

More potent

27
Q

What is the smokable form of methamphetamine called?

A

“Ice”

28
Q

Where is methamphetamine rapidly absorbed?

A

From the lungs

29
Q

When does the “peak” occur with methamphetamine?

A

Within 30 minutes of inhalation

30
Q

How long do the effects of methamphetamine last?

A

15 hours

31
Q

Is methylphenidate (ritalin) a stronger or weaker stimulant than amphetamine?

A

Weaker

32
Q

How is Ritalin abused?

A

Ground up and snorted or injected

33
Q

Where is cocaine found in nature?

A

The leaves of the coca shrub

34
Q

When was cocaine first isolated?

A

1859

35
Q

What nation consumes the most cocaine?

A

The United States

36
Q

What are the main demographic characteristics of the average cocaine user?

A

Young, male (75%) and polydrug users (85% to 90% are alcohol dependent)

37
Q

Where is cocaine absorbed?

A

Absorbed from “all sites of application”

38
Q

Does cocaine penetrate the brain and placenta?

A

Yes

39
Q

How quickly does smoking cocaine reach the brain?

A

6-8 seconds

40
Q

How quickly does cocaine reach the brain if taken intravenously?

A

10-15 seconds

41
Q

How long does it take for cocaine to reach the brain when taken intranasally?

A

A few minutes (limited absorption)

42
Q

Where is cocaine metabolized?

A

In the plasma and liver by cholinesterases

43
Q

Where are metabolites of cocaine found?

A

In hair and urine (making these items useful for drug testing)

44
Q

What are the 2 main targets that cocaine acts upon?

A
  1. Neuronal sodium channels (has local anesthetic properties)
  2. Neurotransmitters uptake transporters
45
Q

What is cocaine’s mechanism of action?

A

Blocks the reuptake of dopamine by binding to dopamine transporters. This causes euphoria.

46
Q

Has congress decided whether “crack” and “cocaine” are different?

A

Apparently not

47
Q

How does one feel when on crack cocaine?

A

Alert, energetic, confident, and physically strong at regular doses.
Anxious and panicky at high doses.

48
Q

Will most people get high from first-time cocaine use?

A

Yes

49
Q

Will most people become addicted from first-time cocaine use?

A

Probably not

50
Q

Does tolerance to cocaine develop rapidly or slowly?

A

Develops rapidly, thus there is a high risk of toxicity

51
Q

What follows the quick evolution of occasional cocaine use to compulsive binge use?

A

A “crash”

52
Q

Does cocaine have high psychological dependence?

A

Yes

53
Q

What drug has a potentially dangerous interaction with cocaine?

A

Alcohol

54
Q

Is there a cocaine antagonist?

A

Nope

55
Q

What are some examples of cocaine toxicity?

A
  1. Cocaine psychosis
  2. Convulsions, hyperthermia, panic disorders
  3. Pulmonary complications
  4. Cardiovascular disorderes (arrythmias, cerebral thrombosis)
56
Q

What complicates prenatal toxicity of cocaine?

A

Poly-drug abuse in pregnant women

57
Q

What are the pharmacological aims of treating cocaine abuse?

A

Decrease cravings and elevate dependence or symptoms of withdrawal

58
Q

What are some possible future drugs to combat cocaine abuse?

A
  1. Dopamine uptake inhibitor
  2. Dopamine receptor blocker
  3. Increase plasma cholinesterase
  4. Cocaine “vaccine” (get body to make antibodies against cocaine)

xD3 Pharm Exam 3 (8 decks)

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