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xD3 Pharm Exam 3 > Abuse Nicotine (Damaj) > Flashcards

Abuse Nicotine (Damaj) Flashcards

1
Q

What do all smokers have in common?

A

They are addicted to the nicotine in cigarettes

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2
Q

How long does it take for the effects of nicotine to reach the brain when a smoker takes a puff of a cigarette?

A

10-19 seconds

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3
Q

Do increased number of cigarettes per day and duration of smoking increase or decrease the risk of lung cancer?

A

Increase (duh!)

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4
Q

What are the two phases that cigarette smoke can be broken into?

A
  1. Gaseous phase

2. Particulate phase

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5
Q

What problems are associated with the gaseous phase?

A
  1. Shortness of breath

2. Neonatal problems

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6
Q

Why causes the shortness of breath in smokers during the gaseous phase?

A

The carbon monoxide (CO) in the smoke combines more strongly with hemoglobin than oxygen does, therefore limiting the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

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7
Q

What causes neonatal problems in the gaseous phase?

A

Poor oxygen delivery to the fetus (secondary to the poor oxygen carrying capacity of the blood)

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8
Q

What are the two main components of the particulate phase?

A
  1. Nicotine

2. Tar

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9
Q

How does nicotine increase the risk of CHD?

A

It decreases HDL, the “good” cholesterol and increased platelet aggregation

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10
Q

How does tar increase the risk of cancer?

A

Tar contains carcinogenic compounds that lead to cancer. These get stuck int he mouth, throat, esophagus and lungs and increase risk for cancers.

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11
Q

The average cigarette contains how much nicotine?

A

10-15mg

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12
Q

How many chemicals are in tobacco, including the carcinogens?

A

4000

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13
Q

How do different factors that alter nicotine delivery affect the delivery of tar?

A

They all affect the delivery of tar to the same extent

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14
Q

What percentage of cigarettes are menthols and what group prefers them?

A

25%, preferred by African Americans

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15
Q

What are some “reduced exposure” products?

A
  1. Lozenges
  2. “Snus”
  3. E-cigarettes
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16
Q

Which produces more nicotine, CO, and tar: water pipe or cigarette?

A

Waterpipe (by a lot more)

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17
Q

85% of adult smokers began smoking before they were how old?

A

19 years old

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18
Q

How many subunits are in the acetylcholine receptor?

A

Five subunits

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19
Q

How does the conformation of the acetylcholine receptor change when Ach binds to it?

A

Normally the pore only allows positively charged ions to pass through the channel but when wound the channel undergoes a conformational change and the gate opens.

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20
Q

Is nicotine strongly euphorigenic?

A

No

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21
Q

Is nicotine a strong reinforcer?

A

Not really

22
Q

When nicotine injections are paired with specific cues, what effect does this have on reinforcement?

A

It is greatly enhanced.

23
Q

What role do cravings have in relapse?

A

They are very strong and play a major role in relapse.

24
Q

How many smokers try to quite each year?

A

1 in 3

25
Q

How many smokers have success in quitting for up to a year?

A

1 out of every 10

26
Q

How quickly do most quitter relapse?

A

Within days

27
Q

How many one-year quitters relapse?

A

1 in 3

28
Q

What percentage of smokers achieve freedom from tobacco each year?

A

2-3%

29
Q

What is the titration hypothesis of smoking?

A

Smokers adjust their smoking behavior to obtain a stable dose of nicotine

30
Q

What is the term for when the number of cigarettes increases with time and then stabilizes?

A

Tolerance

31
Q

Does tolerance develop to peripheral AND central effete of nicotine?

A

Yes

32
Q

A smoker with a 1.5 pack per day habit will get about how many puffs a year?

A

100,000

33
Q

How soon after cessation do withdrawal signs begin?

A

Withing 24 hours

34
Q

When do withdrawal signs peak?

A

Within a day or two of cessation.

35
Q

What are some signs of nicotine withdrawal?

A
  1. Headache
  2. Inability fo concentrate
  3. Irritability
  4. Sleep disturbances
  5. Hunger
  6. Signs may persist for weeks or months
36
Q

How is nicotine absorbed when inhaled?

A

90-98% is absorbed from the respiratory tract

37
Q

What are some examples of oral absorption routes for nicotine?

A
  1. Snuff
  2. Chewing tobacco
  3. Nicotine gum
38
Q

What does pH have to do with buccal absorption?

A

It is dependent upon the pH

39
Q

Is oral absorption a first or second pass hepatic effect?

A

First pass

40
Q

What is an example of transdermal nicotine absorption?

A

Nicotine patch

41
Q

How quickly does nicotine reach the brain after inhalation?

A

8 seconds

42
Q

What is the plasma half-life of nicotine?

A

Around 2 hours

43
Q

Does nicotine cross the placenta?

A

Yes and it is found in breast milk

44
Q

True or false: nicotine produces much higher nicotine levels than nicotine replacement therapy?

A

True

45
Q

Which nicotine delivery system(s) is / are seen as most rewarding?

A

Cigarette and IV administration

46
Q

What nicotine delivery system is not well-liked and has very little possibility of addiction?

A

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)

47
Q

Does NRT produce fast or gradual onset of nicotine effects?

A

Gradual

48
Q

Where is 80-90% of nicotine metabolized?

A

Liver, lung and kidney

49
Q

What are two major metabolites of nicotine?

A

Cotinine and Nicotine-N-oxide

50
Q

What metabolite it useful for assessment of recent smoking?

A

Cotinine (as well as expired CO)

51
Q

What are three types of treatment for nicotine dependence?

A
  1. Nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, spray)
  2. Varenicline (Chantix)
  3. Antidepressants (Buproprion (Zyban))

xD3 Pharm Exam 3 (8 decks)

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