abstract noun

Question 1

outbreak

Answer 1

bùng nổ

the sudden start of something unpleasant, especially violence or a disease

Question 2

means
.an action, an object or a system by which a result is achieved; a way of achieving or doing something
means of something Email is a highly effective means of communication.
We needed to get to London but we had no means of transport
means of doing something Is there any means of contacting him?
as a means of (doing) something Interest rates are used as a means of controlling borrowing.
means to do something They are using peaceful means to achieve their aims.
means to something Equality is an end in itself, not just a means to a goal.
by… means This weed can be controlled by various means.
1.by all means
​used to say that you are very willing for somebody to have something or do something
‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.
*by means of something
​(formal) with the help of sth
2.by no means | not by any (manner of) means
​not at all
She is by no means an inexperienced teacher.
We haven’t won yet, not by any means.
3.by fair means or foul
​using dishonest methods if honest ones do not work
She’s determined to win, by fair means or foul.
4.a means to an end
​a thing or an action that is not interesting or important in itself but is a way of achieving something else

Answer 2

phương tiện,phương thức

Question 3

surroundings

Answer 3

mọi thứ xung quanh

Question 4

riches

Answer 4

tài sản

Question 5

approach
a way of dealing with somebody/something; a way of doing or thinking about something such as a problem or a task
She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them.
It was time to take a different approach.
an alternative/innovative approach
a traditional/similar approach
The approach they were using no longer seemed to work.
approach to something We need to adopt a new approach to the problem.
The therapy takes a holistic approach to health and well-being.
approach for something a variety of approaches for the treatment of depression
approach for doing something Will this be a successful approach for providing high-tech offices?

Answer 5

cách giải quyết

Question 6

vision=foresight
hindsight
with hindsight With hindsight it is easy to say they should not have released him.
in hindsight What looks obvious in hindsight was not at all obvious at the time.
It’s easy to criticize with the benefit of hindsight.

Answer 6

tầm nhìn

sự nhận thức muộn

Question 7

insight insightful=perceptive
1.[countable, uncountable] an understanding of what something is like
There are many valuable insights in her book.
His work offers several useful insights.
insight into something The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.
I hope you have gained some insight into the difficulties we face.
insight on something She has some interesting insights on the principles that have guided US foreign policy.
insight about something The book provides important insights about the doctor-patient relationship.
2.[uncountable] (approving) the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations
He has insight, vision and a deep humanity.
She was a writer of great insight.
With a flash of insight I realized what the dream meant.

Question 8

account(n,v)
3.a written or spoken description of something that has happened
an eyewitness account (= a description given by somebody who saw what happened)
a first-hand/personal/first-person account
account of something Can you give us an account of what happened?
The diaries contained a detailed account of the writer’s experiences in China.
4. an explanation or a description of an idea, a theory or a process
the Biblical account of the creation of the world
*by/from all accounts
​according to what other people say
I’ve never been there, but it’s a lovely place, by all accounts.
*by your own account
​according to what you say yourself
By his own account he had an unhappy childhood.
*of no/little account
​(formal) not important
Emotional matters were of no account to them during the war.
*on account of somebody/something
​because of somebody/something
She retired early on account of ill health.
The marsh is an area of great scientific interest on account of its wild flowers.
*on no account | not on any account
​(used to emphasize something)
not for any reason
On no account should the house be left unlocked.
*on your own account
​for yourself
In 2012 Smith set up in business on his own account.
​because you want to and you have decided, not somebody else
No one sent me. I am here on my own account.
*on this/that account
​(formal) because of the particular thing that has been mentioned
Weather conditions were poor, but he did not delay his departure on that account.
*put/turn something to good account
​(formal) to use something in a good or helpful way
He turned his artistic talents to good account by becoming a sculptor.
*take account of something | take something into account
to consider particular facts, circumstances, etc. when making a decision about something
The company takes account of environmental issues wherever possible.
Coursework is taken into account as well as exam results.

Answer 8

v
1.to have the opinion that somebody/something is a particular thing
be accounted + adj. In English law a person is accounted innocent until they are proved guilty.
be accounted + noun The event was accounted a success.

Question 9

force majeure /ˌfɔːrs məˈʒɜːr/ law
1.unexpected circumstances, such as war, that can be used as an excuse when they prevent somebody from doing something that is written in a contract

Answer 9

tình huống bất khả kháng

Question 10

exemption /ɪɡˈzempʃn/
1.exemption (from something) official permission not to do something or pay something that you would normally have to do or pay
She was given exemption from the final examination.
2.countable] a part of your income that you do not have to pay tax on
a tax exemption on money donated to charity
tax exemptions on gifts to spouses

Answer 10

exempt
1.to give somebody official permission not to do something or not to pay something they would normally have to do or pay; to cause somebody to get this official permission
exempt somebody/something (from doing something) Charities were exempted from paying the tax.
exempt somebody/something from something His bad eyesight exempted him from military service.
Small businesses are expressly exempted from the requirements of this legislation.

Question 11

tension /ˈtenʃn/
1.a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and that may cause them to attack each other
There is mounting tension along the border.
international/racial/political tensions
Family tensions and conflicts may lead to violence.
tension between A and B The incident has further increased tension between the two countries.
2.tension (between A and B) a situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties
There is often a tension between the aims of the company and the wishes of the employees.
3.a feeling of worry and stress that makes it impossible to relax
nervous tension
We laughed and that helped ease the tension.
4. the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which something is stretched tight
muscular tension
Adjust the string tension of your tennis racket to suit your style of playing.
When knitting, try to keep the same tension throughout.
Massage can relieve tension in your shoulders and back.

Answer 11

sự căng thẳng,sức ép

Question 12

temperament /ˈtemprəmənt/
1.a person’s or an animal’s nature as shown in the way they behave or react to situations or people
to have an artistic temperament
a horse with an excellent temperament
She’s a dreamer and a romantic by temperament.
To become a champion, you have to have the right temperament.
2.the fact of tending to get emotional and excited very easily and behave in an unreasonable way
an actor given to displays of temperament

temperamental
1. tending to become angry, excited or upset easily, and to behave in an unreasonable way
You never know what to expect with her. She’s so temperamental.
(figurative) The printer’s being temperamental this morning.
He’s a temperamental player (= he plays well or badly according to his mood).
2.connected with somebody’s nature and personality
They are firm friends in spite of temperamental differences.

Answer 12

khí chất

Question 13

complexion
1.the natural colour and condition of the skin on a person’s face
a pale/bad complexion
a young girl with a rosy complexion
Her auburn hair and blue eyes, together with a fine complexion, made her extremely attractive.
a dark/​healthy complexion
2.the general character of something
a move that changed the political complexion of the country

Answer 13

nước da,vẻ ngoài,cục diện

Question 14

instinct
1.a natural quality that makes people and animals tend to behave in a particular way using the knowledge and abilities that they were born with rather than thought or training
She did not seem to have any of the usual maternal instincts.
by instinct Children do not know by instinct the difference between right and wrong.
instinct (is) to do something His first instinct was to run away.
instinct for (doing) something Horses have a well-developed instinct for fear.
Even at school, he showed he had an instinct for (= was naturally good at) business.
2.a feeling that makes you do something or believe that something is true, even though it is not based on facts or reason
SYNONYM intuition
I’ve always trusted my instincts in the past.
It’s best to follow your first instincts in matters like this.
instinct about somebody/something Her instincts about him had been right.
instinct for… He had a gut instinct for when people were lying to him.
on instinct I acted purely on instinct.
instinctive /ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv/ instinctively

Answer 14

bản năng,linh cảm

Question 15

lack
1.​the state of not having something or not having enough of something
SYNONYM dearth /dɜːθ/, shortage
lack of something a lack of understanding/knowledge
Passengers complained about the lack of information when flights were cancelled.
Her enthusiasm compensated for her apparent lack of experience.
He was suffering from a complete lack of confidence.
There was no lack of volunteers.
because of a lack of something The project was abandoned because of a total lack of support.
due to (a) lack of something He was released due to lack of evidence.
through lack of something The trip was cancelled through lack of interest.
despite the lack of something Fans of classic comedy should be happy with this disc, despite the lack of extras.
Money and the fear of its lack are present in many of his poems.
*not for want/lack of trying
​used to say that although somebody has not succeeded in something, they have tried very hard
They haven’t won a game yet, but it isn’t for want of trying.
They lost the game, but not for lack of trying.
scarcity /ˈskeəsəti/
1.if there is a scarcity of something, there is not enough of it and it is difficult to obtain it
SYNONYM shortage
a time of scarcity
a scarcity of resources

Question 16

ideology /ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/
1.a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on
Marxist/capitalist ideology
2.a set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people behave
the ideology of gender roles
ideological /ˌaɪdiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/

Answer 16

hệ tư tưởng

Question 17

motive
1.motive (for something) a reason for doing something
There seemed to be no motive for the murder.
I’m suspicious of his motives.
the profit motive (= the desire to make a profit)
I have an ulterior motive in offering to help you.
motiveless:(of an action, especially a crime) done without a reason
motivational:
1.making somebody want to do something, especially something that involves hard work and effort
an important motivational factor
a motivational speaker/speech
motivate
1. to be the reason why somebody does something or behaves in a particular way
motivate somebody (to do something) What motivates people to carry out such attacks?
be motivated by something He is motivated entirely by self-interest.
2.to make somebody want to do something, especially something that involves hard work and effort
motivate somebody She’s very good at motivating her students.
His greatest quality is the way he motivates his team.
motivate somebody to do something The plan is designed to motivate employees to work more efficiently.
demotivate /ˌdiːˈməʊtɪveɪt/
1.demotivate somebody to make somebody less keen to work or study
Failure can demotivate students.
motivation
1.the reason why somebody does something or behaves in a particular way
motivation (behind something) What is the motivation behind this sudden change?
motivation for (doing) something Most people said that pay was their main motivation for working.
2. the feeling of wanting to do something, especially something that involves hard work and effort
He’s intelligent enough but he lacks motivation.
SELF_MOTIVATION

Question 18

form
1.a type or variety of something
all the millions of different life forms on the planet today
form of something forms of transport/government/entertainment
one of the most common forms of cancer
Swimming is one of the best forms of exercise.
Along with talking and singing, drawing must be the oldest form of communication.
2. the particular way something is, seems, looks or is presented
The disease can take several different forms.
The training programme takes the form of a series of workshops.
We need to come to some form of agreement.
in the form of somebody/something Help in the form of money will be very welcome.
Help arrived in the form of two police officers.
in… form Most political questions involve morality in some form or other.
We prefer applications in electronic form.
Many collections of his cartoons appeared in book form.
Success can come in many forms.
I’m opposed to censorship in any shape or form.
3. an official document containing questions and spaces for answers
an application/entry/order form
(especially British English) to fill in a form
(especially North American English) to fill out a form
I filled in/out a form on their website.
to complete a form
We asked them to read and sign consent forms.
(British English) a booking form
(North American English) a reservation form
4.the shape of somebody/something; a person or thing of which only the shape can be seen
The human form has changed little over the last 30 000 years.
Two weeks later the moth will emerge in its adult form.
They made out a shadowy form in front of them.
5.the arrangement of parts in a whole, especially in a work of art or piece of writing =structure
Shape and form are of greater importance to me than colour.
In a novel, form and content are equally important.
6.(British English) how fit and healthy somebody is; the state of being fit and healthy
in… form After six months’ training the whole team is in superb form.
in form I really need to get back in form.
out of form The horse was clearly out of form.
7. how well somebody/something is performing; the fact that somebody/something is performing well
Midfielder Elliott has shown disappointing form recently.
She signalled her return to form with a convincing victory.
on form (British English) When she’s on form, nobody in the world is funnier.
on… form The whole team was on good form and deserved the win.
On current/present form the party is heading for another election victory.
in… form She was in great form (= happy and cheerful and full of energy) at the wedding party.
8.(especially British English) the usual way of doing something
What’s the form when you apply for a research grant?
conventional social forms
True to form (= as he usually does) he arrived an hour late.
Partners of employees are invited as a matter of form (= because that is the usual way things are done).
*in any (way,) shape or form
​(informal) of any type
I don’t approve of violence in any shape or form.
I can’t stand insects in any shape or form.
I do not condone bullying in any way, shape or form.

Answer 18

hình thể,hình thức

Question 19

fifelity /fɪˈdeləti/
1.fidelity (to something) (formal) the quality of being loyal to somebody/something
fidelity to your principles
2.fidelity (to somebody) the quality of being faithful to your husband, wife or partner by not having a sexual relationship with anyone else
marital/sexual fidelity
OPPOSITE infidelity
3.fidelity (of something) (to something) (formal) the quality of being accurate
the fidelity of the translation to the original text
The story is told with great fidelity to the original.

Question 20

loyal /ˈlɔɪəl/
1.remaining constant in your support of somebody/something
SYNONYM true
a loyal friend/supporter
loyal to somebody/something She has always remained loyal to her political principles.
OPPOSITE disloyal
loyalty
1.the quality of being constant in your support of somebody/something
Can I count on your loyalty?
loyalty to/towards somebody/something They swore their loyalty to the king.
Companies are eager to build brand loyalty in their customers (= to keep them buying the same brand).
2. a strong feeling that you want to support and be loyal to somebody/something
a case of divided loyalties (= with strong feelings of support for two different causes, people, etc.)

Question 21

metaphor /ˈmetəfə(r) /ˈmetəfɔː(r)/
1.a word or phrase used to describe somebody/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example She has a heart of stone; the use of such words and phrases
a game of football used as a metaphor for the competitive struggle of life
the writer’s striking use of metaphor

Question 22

loop
1.a shape like a curve or circle made by a line curving right round
The road went in a huge loop around the lake.
Duclair is a small town on a loop of the River Seine.
2.​a long, narrow piece of film or tape on which the pictures and sound are repeated continuously
The film is on a loop.
(figurative) His mind kept turning in an endless loop.
*in the loop | out of the loop
​(informal) part of a group of people that is dealing with something important; not part of this group
A lot of people want to be in the loop on this operation.
Lawton had gradually been cut out of the loop on legal reviews.
V
1.to form or bend something into a loop
He looped the strap over his shoulder.
The horse’s reins were looped around its neck.

Question 23

call
1.the act of speaking to somebody on the phone
to get/receive a call from somebody
to give somebody/make a call
I’ll take (= answer) the call upstairs.
I left a message but he didn’t return my call.
a local/long-distance call
An emergency call was made at 9 p.m.
They put out a distress call and were towed into harbour
2.a loud sound made by a bird or an animal
the distinctive call of the cuckoo
The call of the barn owl is often described as a screech or scream.
3.a request, an order or a demand for somebody to do something or to go somewhere
The government has resisted the calls of the international community.
call for something calls for national unity
This is the last call for passengers travelling on British Airways flight 199 to Rome.
call for somebody to do something calls for the minister to resign
call to something (formal) The book is a call to action.
The mosque was sounding the call to prayer.
4.no demand for something; no reason for somebody’s behaviour
no call for something There isn’t a lot of call for small specialist shops nowadays.
no call (for somebody) to do something There was no call for you to go upsetting everyone like that.
5.call on somebody/something a demand or pressure placed on somebody/something
She is a busy woman with many calls on her time.
6.a short visit to somebody’s house
The doctor has five calls to make this morning.
I’m afraid this isn’t a social call.
call on somebody (old-fashioned) to pay a call on an old friend
on a call The doctor is out on a call.
7. call (to something) a strong feeling that you want to do something, especially a particular job
He felt the call to the priesthood early on in his life.
8.(informal) a decision
It’s your call!
a good/bad call
That’s a tough call.
*at somebody’s beck and call
​always ready to obey somebody’s orders
She is constantly at the beck and call of her invalid father.
Don’t expect to have me at your beck and call.
*(above and) beyond the call of duty
​to a higher standard or level than is required for a job or task
She went above and beyond the call of duty in her efforts to save his life.
*the call of nature
​(humorous) the need to go to the toilet
*a call to arms
​a strong request to fight in the army; a strong request to defend something or get ready for a fight about something
A leading environmentalist has issued a call to arms to companies and the public to do more about plastic waste.
The president’s speech was a call to arms to restore the vitality of the American dream.
*a close call/shave
​(informal) a situation in which you only just manage to avoid an accident, etc.
He had a close shave when his brakes failed on the mountain road.
*have first call (on somebody/something)
​to be the most important person or thing competing for somebody’s time, money, etc. and to be dealt with or paid for before other people or things
The children always have first call on her time.
*(be) on call
​(of a doctor, police officer, etc.) available for work if necessary, especially in an emergency
I’ll be on call the night of the party.
The doctor had been on call for 48 hours and was exhausted.

Question 24

kudos /ˈkjuːdɒs/ /ˈkuːdɑːs/
1.the praise and honour that goes with a particular achievement or position
SYNONYM prestige /preˈstiːʒ/
the kudos of playing for such a famous team
2.​kudos (to somebody) (for something/doing something) (informal) special praise to somebody for something they have done
Kudos to Bill for fixing that problem.
Special kudos goes to Patrick Stewart for his role as the captain.
You have to give her kudos for keeping it secret.
prestige (adj,n)
1.the respect and value that somebody/something has because of their social position, or what they have done
SYNONYM status
personal prestige
There is a lot of prestige attached to owning a car like this.
jobs with low prestige
2.adj:admired and respected because it looks important and expensive
SYNONYM luxury
a prestige car
prestige items such as jewellery and Silver
prestigious /preˈstɪdʒəs/
1.respected and admired as very important or of very high quality
a prestigious award
a highly prestigious university
My parents wanted me to go to a more prestigious university.
the city’s most prestigious and exclusive hotel
The Gold Cup is one of the most prestigious events in the racing calendar.

Question 25

wish
1.wishes [plural] used especially in a letter, email or card to say that you hope that somebody will be happy, well or successful
Give my good wishes to the family.
wish for something We all send our best wishes for the future.
With best wishes (= for example, at the end of a letter)
2.an attempt to make something happen by thinking hard about it, especially in stories when it often happens by magic
Throw some money in the fountain and make a wish.
The genie granted him three wishes.
The prince’s wish came true.
3.a desire or a feeling that you want to do something or have something
wish to do something She expressed a wish to be alone.
He had no wish to start a fight.
His dearest wish (= what he wants most of all) is to see his grandchildren again.
wish for something I can understand her wish for secrecy.
wish that… It was her dying wish that I should have it.
4.a thing that you want to have or to happen
He refused to carry out her wishes.
I’m sure that you will get your wish.
against somebody’s wishes She married against her parents’ wishes.
*the wish is father to the thought
​(saying) we believe a thing because we want it to be true

Question 26

while
1.a period of time
for a while I only stayed for a short while.
They chatted for a while.
I haven’t seen him for quite a while (= a fairly long time).
He is fitter now than he has been for a long while.
after a while After a while John started to relax a bit.
in a while I’ll be back in a little while (= a short time).
It took me a while (= a fairly long time) to realize what he meant.
This could take a while (= a long time), so be patient.
They walked back together, talking all the while (= all the time).
for the while There’s no need to do anything for the while (= for a short time).
He left a while ago.
The problems started a while back.
*(every) once in a while
​occasionally
Everybody makes a mistake once in a while.
*worth somebody’s while
​interesting or useful for somebody to do
It will be worth your while to come to the meeting.
He’ll do the job if you make it worth his while (= pay him well).

Question 27

illusion ɪˈluːʒn/
1.a false idea or belief, especially about somebody or about a situation
under the illusion that… She’s under the illusion that (= believes wrongly that) she’ll get the job.
illusion about something The new president has no illusions about the difficulties facing her country (= she knows that the country has serious problems).
I have no illusions about her feelings for me (= I know the truth is that she does not love me).
He could no longer distinguish between illusion and reality.
I don’t want to have my illusions shattered!
2.something that seems to exist but in fact does not, or seems to be something that it is not
Mirrors in a room often give an illusion of space.
The idea of absolute personal freedom is an illusion.
illusory
1.not real, although seeming to be
an illusory sense of freedom
Any power he may seem to have is purely illusory.

Question 28

aspiration /ˌæspəˈreɪʃn/
1.a strong desire to have or do something
I didn’t realize you had political aspirations.
aspiration to do something He has never had any aspiration to earn a lot of money.
aspiration for something What changes are needed to meet women’s aspirations for employment?
aspirational
1.wanting very much to achieve success in your career or to improve your social status and standard of living
advertising aimed at the aspirational classes
2.an aspirational goal or target is very ambitious and may be more than you can achieve, but is set in order to encourage you to try harder and achieve more
The company has announced an aspirational goal of increasing production from 42 000 tonnes to 72  000 tonnes.
aspire /əˈspaɪər/
1.to have a strong desire to achieve or to become something
aspire (to something) She aspired to a scientific career.
aspire to be/do something He aspired to be their next leader.

Question 29

manner
1.(formal) the way that something is done or happens
in a… manner She answered in a businesslike manner.
All claims must be settled in a professional and timely manner.
The manner in which the decision was announced was extremely regrettable.
The eye works in a similar manner to a camera.
2. the way that somebody behaves towards other people
to have an aggressive/a friendly/a relaxed manner
His manner was polite but cool.
in a… manner (towards somebody) She behaved in a threatening manner towards her mother.
3.(formal) the habits and customs of a particular group of people
the social morals and manners of the seventeenth century
*all manner of somebody/something
​many different types of people or things
The problem can be solved in all manner of ways.
He enjoyed interacting with all manner of different people.
*in the manner of somebody/something
​(formal) in a style that is typical of somebody/something
a painting in the manner of Raphael
*in a manner of speaking
​if you think about it in a particular way; true in some but not all ways
All these points of view are related, in a manner of speaking.
*what manner of…
​(formal or literary) what kind of…
What manner of man could do such a terrible thing?

Question 30

format
1.the general arrangement, plan, design, etc. of something
The format of the new quiz show has proved popular.
2.the shape and size of a book, magazine, etc.
They’ve brought out the magazine in a new format.
The book is now available in a slightly smaller format.

Question 31

mind-game /ˈmaɪnd ɡeɪm/
1.something that you do or say in order to make somebody feel less confident, especially to gain an advantage for yourself
Don’t believe him—he likes to play mind games with people.
mindful
1. (formal) remembering somebody/something and considering them or it when you do something
SYNONYM conscious
mindful of somebody/something mindful of our responsibilities
Mindful of the danger of tropical storms, I decided not to go out.
mindful that… She is mindful that the election result was very close last time.
mindless
1.​(disapproving) done or acting without thought and for no particular reason or purpose
SYNONYM senseless
mindless violence
mindless vandals
2.(disapproving) not needing thought or intelligence
SYNONYM dull
a mindless and repetitive task