ABP Content Specs #1B: Theoretical Frameworks Flashcards
which theory proposes that development proceeds in systematic direction?
maturational theory (Gesell)
*principle of developmental direction
5 major principles of Gesell/maturational theory?
- Principle of Directional Direction: goes in systematic direction as function of preprogrammed genetic mechanisms (2 patterns: cephalocaudal for GM skills and proximo-distal for FM skills)
- Principle of Reciprocal Interweaving: modeled after physiological principle of reciprocal innervations; inhibition and excitation of different muscles operate in complementary way to get efficient movement (e.g. walking)
- Principle of Functional Asymmetry: behavior go through periods of asymmetric development in trying to achieve maturity (e.g. ATNR is precursor of symmetrical reaching)
- Principle of Individualizing Maturation: development is process of sequential patterning; need to have prerequisite structures for other learning to occur
- Principle of Self-regulatory Fluctuation: development is alternating periods of stability and instability; distinct sequence of stages allow for function and growth
How is child development affected by Gesell/maturational theory?
-proposed that most important thing in development is biologic maturation
-rate at which one progresses is determined by heredity and altered only a little bit by experience
-minimizes effect of environment or social factors (stated that environmental influences do not change the basic pattern of development and ignored effect of learning)
-doens’t do good job of explaining cognitive, language, and s/e development or development of personality/identity
how does maturational/Gesell theory relate to developmental testing?
Due to idea of systematic progression we got developmental milestones in order to follow.
Some developmental tests like Bayley and Gesell developmental schedules use this idea.
What is Piaget’s theory on cognitive processes?
Talks about how children take active role in adapting to their environments through 2 main processes that complement each other.
- Accommodation: adjustment or modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge or info; process thru which changes in intellectual development correspond to changes in reality
- Assimilation: process thru which individual incorporates new knowledge into existing cognitive frameworks/schemas; schema into which new event/experience is assimilated expands does not qualitatively change
- Equilibrium: reached when child understands what she perceives in the world and can deal with most new info thru assimilation; drive to equilibrium is what drives learning
What are the 4 developmental stages according to Piaget?
- Pre-moral stage (birth-4 years; sensorimotor and part of pre-operational): little understanding of rules; behavior regulated from outside child; can’t understand right from wrong; discipline focuses on identifying and addressing causes of misbehavior, redirection, modeling good behaviors, and building positive relationships
- Heteronomous/Moral Reasoning (5-9 years, part of pre-operational and concrete operational): rules are rigid and given by adults/teachers; rules tell you right from wrong; discipline focuses on encouraging kids to problem solve with guidance rather than just telling kids what to do or immediately punishing
- Autonomous Morality/Moral Relativism stage (age 10+ years, formal operational): emphasize cooperation and rules are changeable under certain circumstances with mutual consent; intent and consequence considered when judging if act is moral or not; can identify own morales/values
What is immanent justice?
that immediate punishment will happen if rules are broken
believe that illness or other “bad” events occur as punishment for misbehavior
What is magical thinking?
that non-living objects take on living characteristics
what piaget stage is characterized by immanent justice and magical thinking?
pre-operational stage
kids in this stage may believe that an illness or loss was caused by their recent naughty behavior or that their parents are separating because the children refused to eat vegetables
True/False.
Piaget theory combines biology and impact of environment (direct learning, social transmission) in leading to development.
True
not just biology like Gesell
What are the four distinct stages in Piaget’s conceptual development?
- Sensorimotor
- Pre-Operational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
what piaget stage do you get object permanence?
sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
What is Sensorimotor stage of Piaget theory?
- Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): infants understand and organize world thru sensory and motor info. There are 6 substages like early reflex reactions, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary schemas, tertiary circular reactions, emergence of representational thought); object permanence develops
what is Pre-Operational stage of Piaget theory?
- Pre-operational (2-7 years): kids use symbolic representation for events, places, and people; language & pretend play develop
a. rigidity of though (centration): focus on one feature and ignore other features leading to illogical conclusions, get confused that a change in appearance does not change basic identity/nature
b. egocentric world view
c. semi-logical reasoning/transducive thinking: if events occur at same time then they think they are related (e.g. fight with brother called brother to be ill)
d. limited social cognition: judges wrongness of an act according to external things (amount of damage), less likely to consider internal (person’s intentions)
What is Concrete Operational stage of Piaget theory?
- Concrete Operational (age 7-11 years)
-child can solve logical problems about concrete physical subjects
-get conservation and hierarchical thinking
-can focus on more than one aspect at a time and can reverse mental operations (flexibility of thought; decentration; reversibility)
-declining egocentrism: understand that person can feel one way and act another
-better able to reason about cause of events between time and space
-can regulate their interaction with each other through rules; can take others’ intentions into account when making judgments about good/bad behavior
What is Formal Operational stage of Piaget theory?
Formal Operational (age 12yrs+):
-adolescents can reason logically about abstract topics, hypothetical problems
-can consider many different solutions to a problem before acting on any one
-renew egocentrism: self-consciousness, self-criticism, self-administration; over time take into account how others judge them and how it corresponds to social categories (politics, law)
3 Freud Psychodynamic Principles?
- ID: present from birth; pleasure principle (all instincts and impulses; in unconscious mind)
- EGO: develop later; operates from reality principle; consists of perceptual, cognitive, executive, memory, and defensive functions of mind; weighs costs and benefits before making decision; doesn’t think about right or wrong
- SUPEREGO: last to develop; upholds moral standard, communicates with ego through feelings like pride, shame, guilt; consists of conscience + ego ideal
Freud: What is conscious?
one’s awareness of particular moment; tip of iceberg
Freud: What is Subconscious?
preconscious; thoughts available to conscious mind through focused attention; part of iceberg that’s below the waterline
Freud: What is unconscious?
contains wishes, fears, impulses and repressed memories; can’t directly communicate iwth conscious mind; largest part of iceberg BELOW water line
What is Regression?
revert back to childlike emotional state in which your unconscious fears, anxiety, and angst re-appear in times of stress; behaviors more primitive like thumb sucking, bedwetting, road rage
What is Projection?
when you attribute one’s own unacceptable emotions to others; defense mechanism when individual directly projects own undesirable thoughts/motivations onto another (e.g. parent of child with significant illness may not be able to express anger and instead say physician is angry with them)
What is Displacement?
transferring emotions from unacceptable person to a different person; satisfying an impulse with a substitute object
What is Sublimation?
acting out unacceptable impulses by converting them to acceptable ones
What is Repression?
unconscious defense mechanism employed by ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious; hidden but still creates anxiety
What is Transference?
unconscious redirection of feelings from the past to a person or situation in the present (e.g. father angry at doctor because he reminds him of his highly controlling father)
-how to manage: recognize importance of relationship of clinician to person, maintain professional boundaries, help person recognize the transference when they have capacity
What is Counter-Transference?
feelings/attitudes evoked in a therapist/healthcare provider as a result of transference from patient
-normal but needs to be dealt with when affect’s HCP’s mental health or care of patient
What are Freud’s 5 stages of development?
- Oral Stage (birth-1 year): mouth is main source of pleasure/interaction; sucking & eating depends on mom; when have conflict over weaning then results in distinction btwn other vs self; if keep oral fixation then become overly dependent personality
- Anal stage (1-3 years): anus is main source of gratification; focus is toilet training; overly strict parents cause kid to develop rigid personality traits while overly lenient parents cause kid to become disorganized and defiant
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): genitals main gratification; unconscious attraction to opposite gender parent and view same gender parent as rival; develop gender roles and morals through interaction btwn id/ego/superego forms basic personality; boys-castration fears, girls-penis envy; stage resolves with kid identifying most with same gender parent
- Latent Stage (6-12 years): psycho-sexual energy and instincts are suspended and focus on academic and social skills; superego continues to develop thru social intxn
- Genital Stage (12+ years): focus on initiation of mature sexual activity and developing dyadic-partner relationship; sexual instincts of phallic stage reappear
What is Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)?
Mom and child pre-wired to respond in fixed ways to each other (e.g. babies seek contact with mom & many infant reflexes services to keep close by signaling needs); moms respond to crying/clinging/vocalizations
Infants attach to ANY adult but by 6-9 months will have Principal attachment to primary caregiver
What is Secure Attachment?
Child comfortable using mom as secure base from which to explore. Looks back for reassurance but then can explore.
When separated, gets upset but can be calmed. MOm and child both truly pleased at reunion.
Parent is secure base so kid can explore.
What is Insecure/Avoidant Attachment?
-rarely cries upon separation
-appears more mature and emotionally controlled than they should be
-upon reunion will AVOID mother
-fails to reach out and appearing angry/indignant
-mom’s behaviors are angry too
-physical distancing, tenseness, irritability
-mom lacks confidence in & derives little pleasure from parenting role
**manages separation easily, don’t seek care or consolation, parents ignore child’s negative emotions & fails to respond to child/inconsistent response
What is Ambivalent-Resistant Attachment?
-most upset WITH SEPARATION & difficult to console
-ambivalent reaction upon reunion (wants to be picked up but then pushes away)
-little exploration
-parents don’t avoid contact but contact ill-timed & less continent on cues (uncoordinated acceptance & rejection, well-meaning but less capable parents)
**significant separation anxiety, inconsistent response to caregiver, difficulty settling into routines
What is Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment?
-could have distress upon exit of caregiver, but response inconsistent
-look happy upon reunion but almost dazed/confused, not making direct eye contact
-mothers felt to be giving mixed messages leading to non-contingent & disorganized quality of relationship
-seen in dyads with psychiatric issues (e.g. depression, drug abuse)
-contradictory behaviors such as manifesting signs of stress even in presence of the parent, seeking proximity of a stranger rather than parent, or ignoring a parent after showing distress about the absence of that parent
What is Classical Conditioning?
-occurs when 2 different events occur in such a way that one of the events begins to signal or elicit the other
e.g. a child may begin to connect frightening experience like nightmare with darkness; over time might result in fear of dark
What is Operant Behaviors?
-behaviors that are controlled by what follows them not by what precedes
-attention is directed toward what happens to the child entering dark room (e.g. having a positive experience like being entertained in a theater or having a negative experience like being scared of nighttmare)
What is shaping in behaviors?
-reinforcement of successive approximations to the terminal goal
-assists in discrimination (ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced and generalization the application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation)
What is Modeling in behavior?
Demonstrated correct behavior and then rewards accordingly until desired behavior is obtained
What is Positive Reinforcement?
addition of an event that increases the behavior (e.g. parental attention when a child has a tantrum may increase tantrumming)
What is Negative Reinforcer?
different from punishment
Withdrawal of some negative event that serves to increase behavior
What is Extinction in behavior management?
Withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior in order to eliminate the behavior.
ex. the child who climbs under his desk to gain attention is ignored until he returns to his seat.
What is extinction burst?
when child repeats the behavior over and over again in a burst of activity then stops permanently because of lack of reinforcement
What is negative punishment?
A kid loses recess or suspension
What is positive punishment?
A kid gains chores or corporal punishment
What is behavioral norm?
rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
What is Injunctive Norms?
behaviors which are perceived as being approved of by other people
What is Descriptive Norms?
perceptions of how other people are actually behaving, whether or not these are approved of
What are Explicit Norms?
norms that are written or spoken openly
What are Implicit Norms?
norms that are not openly stated (but you find out when you transgress them)
What are behavioral strategies for toilet training?
stickers, rewards, parents give increased attention
What are social learning strategies for toilet training?
social pressure for hygiene reason to learn to go in toilet not anywhere one pleases
What is Kohlberg’s theory on moral reasoning?
3 basic levels with 2 stages each.
- Pre-conventional Level of Morality: depends on standards of older authority figures.
Stage 1. Obedience and punishment orientation: it is moral to obey authority and avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange: morality is relative; one should pursue one’s own interests. - Conventional Level - adolescents appreciate moral codes of society.
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships: being moral includes being helpful to others.
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order: morality is in preserving the laws of society. - Post-Conventional Level: more abstract principles are considered above social conventions.
Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights: democratic process and basic human rights are moral.
Stage 6: Universal Principles: universal principles of justice and individual rights are moral.
Transtheoretical Model?
aka Stages of Change Model
-focuses on decision-making of the individual and is a model of intentional change
-has 6 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination
Stages of Change: Precontemplation
people do not intent to take action in foreseeable future (within next 6 months)
-ppl unaware their behavior is problematic or produces negative effects
-often underestimate the pros of changing behavior and worries too much about cons of changing behavior
Stages of Change: Contemplation
-people intending to state healthy behavior in next 6 months/future
-recognize that their behavior may be problematic and more practical thinking about pros/cons of changing the behavior
-still ambivalent toward changing their behavior
Stages of Change: Preparation (Determination)
-people ready to take action within next 30 days
-start taking small steps toward behavior change
Stages of Change: Action
-recently changed their behavior (within last 6 months)
-intent to keep moving forward with that behavior change
-modify their problem behavior
Stages of Change: Maintenance
-people sustained their behavior for a while (more than 6 months) and intend to maintain the behavior change going forward
-working to prevent relapse
Stages of Change: Termination
people have no desire to return to their unhealthy behaviors and are sure they won’t relapse
Key Facts about Motivational Interviewing?
-tied with Trans-Theoretical Model/Stages of Change
-involves collaboration instead of confrontation, evocation instead of education, autonomy rather than authority, exploration rather than explanation
Key Components of Motivational Interviewing?
- Client preparatory
- Change Talk and Diminished Resistance
- Committment to Behavior Change
- Behavior Change
-asking open questions
affirming (respects/honors client as person of worth; comments on strenghts and abilities)
-reflective listening: statements that make a guess at client’s meaning causing deeper understanding
-summarizing: reflections that collect what a person has been saying and offering it back
