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Blood Bank Test 2 > ABO General Information > Flashcards

ABO General Information Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the ABO system?

A

Karl Landsteiner

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of ABO antibodies?

A

Usually IgM
Capable of agglutinating RBCs without enhancement
Can activate complement

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3
Q

What are the blood types in order of frequency in the population?

A

O (45%)
A (41%)
B (10%)
AB (4%)

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4
Q

What is the H gene? What protein does it code for?

A

The H genes acts as an acceptor of sugars, delivered by transferase enzymes produced by A and B genes; codes for L-fucosyltransferases

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5
Q

What is the result of inheriting the hh gene?

A

Bombay or H null phenotype; no normal expression of ABO antigens (no or altered L-fucosyltransferase produced)

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6
Q

If a person’s genotype is O, what is there phenotype?

A

H (the person has no A or B genes but they still have the H antigen)

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7
Q

What is the immunodominant sugar of the H gene?

A

L-fucose

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8
Q

Which genotype has the highest concentration of H antigen? List other antigens in order of quantity of H

A

O > A2 > A2B > B > A1 > A1B

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9
Q

What does the A phenotype code for?

A

N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (runner)

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10
Q

What does the A phenotype tranfer to the H antigen?

A

N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)

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11
Q

What is the immunodominant sugar of the A phenotype?

A

N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)

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12
Q

What does the B phenotype code for?

A

D-galactosyltransferase (runner)

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13
Q

What does the B phenotype transfer to the H antigen?

A

D-galactose (Gal)

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14
Q

What is the immunodominant sugar of the B phenotype?

A

D-galactose (Gal)

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15
Q

What does the AB phenotype code for?

A

N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and

D-galactosyltransferase (runners)

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16
Q

What are the immunodominant sugars of the AB phenotype?

A

N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)
and
D-galactose (Gal)

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17
Q

Since AB blood types cannot attach both sugars to the H antigen, which sugar attaches more successfully?

A

B (D-galactose (Gal))

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18
Q

Define isoagglutinins

A

antibodies that react with some members of the same species.

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19
Q

How long does it take newborns to develope isoagglutinins?

A

3 to 6 weeks

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20
Q

Define non-red cell stimulated (NRCS)

A

replaced the term “naturally occurring”. Describes red blood cell antibodies that are not formed through direct stimulation by a red blood cell antigen.

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21
Q

Define glycotransferase

A

enzymes which facilitate the transfer of carbohydrate; ABO blood group genes code for glycotransferases, which are specific for an immunodominant sugar (this completes the antigenic determininant)

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22
Q

Which gene in the ABO system is an amorph? What is an amorph?

A

O; a silent gene

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23
Q

Where is the ABO locus found?

A

The long arm of chromosome 9

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24
Q

Define the Bombay phenotype

A

phenotype that results from lack of the H gene (i.e. the person is hh).

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25
Q

How do people with the Bombay phenotype forward group?

A

O
Anti-A: 0
Anti-B: 0
Anti-H: 0 (people with O phenotype will be Anti-H: 4+)

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26
Q

How do people with the Bombay phenotype reverse group?

A

O
A cells: 4+
B cells: 4+
(same as O phenotype)

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27
Q

Why is the Bombay phenotype highly incompatible with an O donor?

A

Anti-H is present in the serum of Bombay indiviuals

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28
Q

What does Bombay sera contain?

A

Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-A,B
Anti-H

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29
Q

Which plant lectin is used to type for Bombay? What will the plant lectin reation be for the Bombay phenotype?

A

Ulex europaeus; 0 (because it is an anti-H lectin, and the Bombay phenotype has not H antigen)

30
Q

Describe the Para-Bombay phenotype

A

these individuals can have H, A, and B substances in their secretions while their red cells have no A, B, or H sugars (or minute amounts). Due to mutant H or FUT1 locus, but normal secretor genes. Para Bombay serum is anti-H.

31
Q

What causes the Cis-AB phenotype?

A

Occurs of unequal crossing over of genetic information; most commonly A and B (documented in cases of disputed paternity)

32
Q

How long does it take for adult levels of A and B antigens to form?

A

2-4 years

33
Q

How are the A and B antigen formed?

A

formed by a complex interrelationship between the H/h genes and the ABO genes coding for glycotransferases to place terminal sugars onto precursor substance on type II chain.

34
Q

What type of antibodys are NRCS?

A

IgM (some IgG or IgA may be present)

35
Q

What are the characteristics of IgM?

A

Reacts best at room temp or below
Can activate complement
Saline agglutinins

36
Q

What bacteria is hypothesized to stimulate A and B antigens?

A

E. coli

37
Q

IgG (the immune form of ABO antibodies) is stimulated by

A

transfusion
pregnancy
other sources of incompatible RBCs

38
Q

Which immunoglobulin is naturally occuring? Which is stimulated?

A

IgM- naturally occuring

IgG- stimulated

39
Q

In what percent of the population if Anti-A1 found?

A

80%

40
Q

What cells does Anti-A1 react with?

A

reacts with A1 cells, but not with A2 cells (can be removed with A2 cells on exhaustive adsorption)

41
Q

In what percent of the population is Anti-Acommon found?

A

20%

42
Q

What does Anti-Acommon react with?

A

both A1 and A2 cells

43
Q

What plant lectin is used to differentiate beween A1 and A2 cells?

A

Dolichos biflorus

44
Q

Where is anti-A,B found?

A

In sera of group O people

45
Q

Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B are usually what type of immunoglobulin?

A

IgM

46
Q

In type O people, anti-A,B is more likely what immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

47
Q

Anti-H is found in the sera of what group of people?

A

A1 and A1B people (weakly reactive)

Bombay or Oh (strongly reactive)

48
Q

Which group of people may fail to recognize “self” and make antibody to H?

A

A1 and A1B

49
Q

Define secretor

A

a person who has inherited the Se gene in single or double dose. Such people secrete ABH substances in their body fluids.

50
Q

Define forward grouping

A

test in which unknown RBCs are mixed with antisera of know specificity to determine presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cells.

51
Q

Define reverse grouping

A

eroligical test in which serum containing unknown ABO antiboy(ies) is tested with red blood cells of known ABO group

52
Q

What are the most common phenotypes frequencies?

A

O
A
B
AB

53
Q

Leukemia can result in

A

the loss of antigens

54
Q

Carcinomas can result in

A

reduction of antigen strength (by production fo BGSS) This has been corrected now because we wash the cells

55
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphocytic anemia, and non Hodgekin lymphomo may result in

A

decreased antibodies

56
Q

What percent of the population are secretors?

A

72%

57
Q

Zz is a hypothetical gene that controls

A

the prescence of the H antigen on RBCs (failure to inhert at least 1 Z gene is extremely rare)

58
Q

What are the most common subgroups of a (99%)

A

A1 (80%)

A2 (20%)

59
Q

A1 reacts with

A

anti-A

anti-A1

60
Q

A2 reacts with

A

anti-A

NOT anti-A1

61
Q

A2 and A2B people produce what in there serum?

A

anti-A

62
Q

Anti-A1 is considered clinically insignificant. Why?

A

It is nonreactive at body temperature (rare expection that do react at body temperature are clinically significant)

63
Q

Rare A subgroups

A

Aint, A3, Ax, Am, Ael, Aend, Ay

64
Q

Rare B subgroups

A

B3, Bx, Bm, and Bel

65
Q

Age, youth, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunosuppresion, bone marrow transplants, and stomach/pancrease cancer patients are all causes of

A

Weak or Missing Antibodies

66
Q

How do you correct for weak or missing antibodies?

A

Optimize reverse group (incubate)

Include autocontrol or group O screening to rule out autoantibodies or alloantibodies

67
Q

The weakining of subgroups or A and B due to leukemia can cause

A

Weak or absent antigens

68
Q

Define Panagglutination

A

the ability of a particular serum to agglutinate all or almost all cells in a particular population.

69
Q

How would you troubleshoot unexpected cold-reactive antibodies?

A

Collect a new specimen, prewarm, and keep at 37 degrees for all testing (wash cells)

70
Q

How would you troubleshoot Unexpected Cold-reactive Antibodies

A

Try a different set of reverse cells to see if the reaction disappears.

Blood Bank Test 2 (5 decks)

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