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Year 2 DO Diploma Revision > Abnormal Ocular Anatomy > Flashcards

Abnormal Ocular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Blepharitis: Anterior Signs (4 points)

A

Redness/crusting of lid margin
Dandruff in eyelashes
Reduced number of lashes
Ulcers in chronic cases

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2
Q

Blepharitis: Posterior Signs (3 points)

A

Thick cloudy meibomian secretions
Blocked meibomian orifices
Hyperaemia of lid margin

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3
Q

Blepharitis: Symptoms (3 points)

A

Tired, itchy & sore eyes (worse in AM)
Greasy CL’s
None in mild cases

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4
Q

Blepharitis: Pathogenesis & Associations (3 points)

A

Chronic inflammation of lid margin
Older Px’s, poor diet and systemic illness
Dandruff of scalp and eyebrows

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5
Q

Blepharitis: Treatment/Management (4 points)

A

Referral to OO/GP if chronic
Artificial tears
Lid hygiene
Topical steroid for inflammation

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6
Q

Pinguecula: Signs (3 points)

A

Raised yellow para-limbal areas
Bulbar conjunctiva
More noticeable with age

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7
Q

Pinguecula: Symptoms (1 points)

A

Normally none, possible irritation with CL’s

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8
Q

Pinguecula: Pathogenesis (2 points)

A

Degeneration of conjunctival collagen

Exposure to sunlight & hot/dry conditions

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9
Q

Pinguecula: Treatment (3 points)

A

Surgery if cosmetically unacceptable
UV protection
Reassurance

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10
Q

Arcus: Signs (4 points)

A

Grey/white band in peripheral cornea
Shows as an arc in upper and lower cornea
1mm thick ring
Clear separation from limbus

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11
Q

Arcus: Symptoms (1 points)

A

None

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12
Q

Arcus: Pathogensis (2 points)

A

Fat deposits in limiting lamellae

Not sight threatening

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13
Q

Arcus: Treatment (2 points)

A

Reassurance

If below 50 refer to GP

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14
Q

Pterygium: Signs (4 points)

A

Triangular growth on conjunctiva
Can grow onto cornea
Forms nasally
Pink/yellow colour

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15
Q

Pterygium: Symptoms (4 points)

A

Mild irritation
Cause irritation with CL
Astigmatism can form if cornea distorts
Reduced VAs if covers pupil

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16
Q

Pterygium: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Degeneration of conjunctiva collagen
Forms from vascular connective tissue with epithelium
Associated with hot/dry/dusty climates

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17
Q

Pterygium: Treatment (4 points)

A

Referral to GP (urgency based on presentation)
Surgery before reaches cornea
Regrowth common
Radiation treatment to prevent regrowth

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18
Q

Stye: Signs (3 points)

A

Red swelling of lid margin
Associated with lashes
May develop yellow centre

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19
Q

Stye: Symptoms (1 points)

A

Painful

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20
Q

Stye: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Bacterial infection of lash follicle
Usually staphylococcus
Glands of Moll or Zeis

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21
Q

Stye: Treatment (4 points)

A

Hot compress
Removal of lash by OO to evacuate pus
Advise improve local hygiene
Refer to GP if reoccurring

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22
Q

Chalazion: Signs (3 points)

A

Swelling inside eyelid
Hard and gradually grows
Greyish area on tarsal conjunctiva on lid eversion

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23
Q

Chalazion: Symptoms (2 points)

A

Painless

If continues to grow, can press and distort cornea

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24
Q

Chalazion: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Swelling of tarsal gland
Blocked duct or infection
Recurs with blepharitis

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25
Chalazion: Treatment (2 points)
Reassurance | Refer to GP for surgical removal
26
Hordoleum Internum: Signs (3 points)
Red swelling Inflammation of tarsal conjunctiva on eversion Generalised inflammation
27
Hordoleum Internum: Symptoms (1 points)
Painful
28
Hordoleum Internum: Pathogenesis (2 points)
Infection of tarsal gland | Usually staphylococcal bacteria
29
Hordoleum Internum: Treatment (4 points)
Refer to OO GP if acute Hot compress Refer to GP if needs antibiotics or surgical drainage
30
Dacrocystitis: Signs (3 points)
Inflammation of lacrimal sac (inner canthus) Localised inflammation and discharge Nasal conjunctiva can be red
31
Dacrocystitis: Symptoms (3 points)
Painful in acute form Painless in chronic Epiphora
32
Dacrocystitis: Pathogenesis (3 points)
Acute due to infection Usually bacterial Chronic due to blockage of nasolacrimal duct
33
Dacrocystitis: Treatment (5 points)
``` Refer to GP HES urgent if acute Systemic antibiotics Hot compress Possible surgery to drain sac or re open passages ```
34
Ectropion: Signs (3 points)
Lower lids roll away from globe Palpebral conjunctive exposed (becomes dry and red) Epiphora
35
Ectropion: Symptoms (2 points)
Itself is painless | secondary issues can be painful
36
Ectropion: Pathogenesis (3 points)
Loss of muscle tone in orbicularis oculi Px wipes eye down, increases issue and dermatitis Scar tissue can cause ectropion
37
Ectropion: Treatment (4 points)
Refer to GP Surgery to eyelid margin Bandage CL to protect cornea from drying (exposure keratitis) Advise wipe up
38
Entropion: Signs (2 points)
Lid margin rolling in | Redness of bulbar conjunctiva
39
Entropion: Symptoms (2 points)
None for pathology itself | Eyelashes rub on conjunctiva causing pain, lacrimation and reduced VA
40
Entropion: Pathogenesis (4 points)
Spasm if orbicularis oculi Occurs mainly in elderly Can be caused by scar tissue May follow trachoma
41
Entropion: Treatment (4 points)
Refer to GP - urgency based on symptoms Scleral bandage CL Surgery Lash removal
42
Ptosis: Signs (5 points)
``` Abnormally low upper lid Reduction in size of palpebral aperture Pupil becomes covered Px's raise eyebrow to compensate Unilateral or bilateral ```
43
Ptosis: Symptoms (2 points)
None unless pupil covered | If other symptoms then ptosis is due to underlying issue
44
Ptosis: Pathogenesis (5 points)
``` Commonly caused by defect of levator palpebral superioris Congenital or acquired Result of trauma Horner's syndrome 3rd nerve palsy ```
45
Ptosis: Treatment (4 points)
Refer to GP Urgent to HES if present with other symtoms Surgery - not in younger Px's Ptosis prop
46
Xanthelasma: Signs (2 points)
Flat/yellow mass of fat below skin | Along upper and lower eyelids
47
Xanthelasma: Symptoms (1 points)
None
48
Xanthelasma: Pathogenesis (2 points)
Indicates high blood cholesterol | Common in diabetic Px's
49
Xanthelasma: Treatment (2 points)
Refer to GP for health check | Can be removed if cosmetically unacceptable
50
Contact Dermatitis: Signs (3 points)
Allergic reaction Inflammation of conjunctiva and eyelids Lids red and puffy
51
Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms (1 points)
Itching and discomfort
52
Contact Dermatitis: Pathogenesis (1 points)
Reaction to cosmetics/fluids
53
Contact Dermatitis: Treatment (3 points)
Refer to GP Cool compress to soothe steroids to reduce inflammation
54
Epicanthus: Signs (2 points)
Folds of skin covering inner canthus | Usually bilateral - appearance of esotropia
55
Epicanthus: Symptoms (1 points)
None
56
Epicanthus: Pathogenesis (1 points)
Gradually disappears with age
57
Epicanthus: Treatment (2 points)
Reassurance | ST to ensure no BV issues
58
Keratoconus: Signs (5 points)
``` Bulging, cone shape cornea Usually bilateral Irregular astigmatism Munson's sign Corneal oedema in severe cases ```
59
Keratoconus: Symptoms (3 points)
Progressively educed VAs due to irregular astigmatism Monocular diplopia in severe cases Sudden drop in VA id oedema occurs
60
Keratoconus: Pathogenesis (4 points)
Reduced corneal thickness More common in males Usually onset 10-20yrs of age Gradual onset
61
Keratoconus: Treatment (4 points)
Refer to optom/ophthalmology RGP to reduce irregular astigmatism Piggy back CL used if RGP not tolerated Corneal graft if severe
62
Retinoblastoma: Signs (4 points)
White pupil reflex caused by pale tumour - shows in flash photography Reduce VA and squint can occur Iris colour change
63
Retinoblastoma: Symptoms (2 points)
Often none | Occasionally painful and red eye
64
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis (3 points)
More common in paediatric malignancy Can be inherited but mostly sporadic Arises from foetal retinal development
65
Retinoblastoma: Treatment (4 points)
Urgent GP/ophthalmology referral Early detection is important to reduce spread Radiotherapy/chemo half of kids will present with a secondary tumour
66
Naevus: Signs (4 points)
Pigment area on iris Like a freckle/mole Can be flat or raised Regular in shape
67
Naevus: Symptoms (1 points)
None
68
Naevus: Pathogenesis (1 points)
Accumulation of pigment cells on iris
69
Naevus: Treatment (3 points)
Reassurance Should be monitored Changes can be malignant melanoma
70
Iris Melanoma: Signs (3 points)
Area of iris different in colour to rest Can appear thicker and cause distortion of pupil Can bleed causing hyphaema
71
Iris Melanoma: Symtoms (1 points)
None
72
Iris Melanoma: Pathogenesis (3 points)
Uncontrolled growth of melanocytes Develops from pre-existing naevi Common in Px's over 60
73
Iris Melanoma: Treatment (3 points)
Refer to GP or HES depending on presentation Surgical treatment If advanced = enculeated
74
Coloboma: Signs (2 points)
Section of inferior part of iris missing | Keyhole shape pupil
75
Coloboma: Symptoms (2 points)
Photophobia/glare | Reduced VA due to poor retinal image
76
Coloboma: Pathogenesis (3 points)
Failure of optic fissure to close Occurs 5th week of embryonic life Can affect choroid and retina
77
Coloboma: Treatment (3 points)
No treatment possible Cosmetic CL with opaque iris Treatment focuses on improving VA's/cosmesis

Year 2 DO Diploma Revision (9 decks)

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