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Year 2 DO Diploma Revision > Abnormal Ocular Anatomy > Flashcards

Abnormal Ocular Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Blepharitis: Anterior Signs (4 points)

A

Redness/crusting of lid margin
Dandruff in eyelashes
Reduced number of lashes
Ulcers in chronic cases

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2
Q

Blepharitis: Posterior Signs (3 points)

A

Thick cloudy meibomian secretions
Blocked meibomian orifices
Hyperaemia of lid margin

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3
Q

Blepharitis: Symptoms (3 points)

A

Tired, itchy & sore eyes (worse in AM)
Greasy CL’s
None in mild cases

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4
Q

Blepharitis: Pathogenesis & Associations (3 points)

A

Chronic inflammation of lid margin
Older Px’s, poor diet and systemic illness
Dandruff of scalp and eyebrows

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5
Q

Blepharitis: Treatment/Management (4 points)

A

Referral to OO/GP if chronic
Artificial tears
Lid hygiene
Topical steroid for inflammation

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6
Q

Pinguecula: Signs (3 points)

A

Raised yellow para-limbal areas
Bulbar conjunctiva
More noticeable with age

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7
Q

Pinguecula: Symptoms (1 points)

A

Normally none, possible irritation with CL’s

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8
Q

Pinguecula: Pathogenesis (2 points)

A

Degeneration of conjunctival collagen

Exposure to sunlight & hot/dry conditions

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9
Q

Pinguecula: Treatment (3 points)

A

Surgery if cosmetically unacceptable
UV protection
Reassurance

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10
Q

Arcus: Signs (4 points)

A

Grey/white band in peripheral cornea
Shows as an arc in upper and lower cornea
1mm thick ring
Clear separation from limbus

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11
Q

Arcus: Symptoms (1 points)

A

None

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12
Q

Arcus: Pathogensis (2 points)

A

Fat deposits in limiting lamellae

Not sight threatening

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13
Q

Arcus: Treatment (2 points)

A

Reassurance

If below 50 refer to GP

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14
Q

Pterygium: Signs (4 points)

A

Triangular growth on conjunctiva
Can grow onto cornea
Forms nasally
Pink/yellow colour

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15
Q

Pterygium: Symptoms (4 points)

A

Mild irritation
Cause irritation with CL
Astigmatism can form if cornea distorts
Reduced VAs if covers pupil

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16
Q

Pterygium: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Degeneration of conjunctiva collagen
Forms from vascular connective tissue with epithelium
Associated with hot/dry/dusty climates

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17
Q

Pterygium: Treatment (4 points)

A

Referral to GP (urgency based on presentation)
Surgery before reaches cornea
Regrowth common
Radiation treatment to prevent regrowth

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18
Q

Stye: Signs (3 points)

A

Red swelling of lid margin
Associated with lashes
May develop yellow centre

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19
Q

Stye: Symptoms (1 points)

A

Painful

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20
Q

Stye: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Bacterial infection of lash follicle
Usually staphylococcus
Glands of Moll or Zeis

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21
Q

Stye: Treatment (4 points)

A

Hot compress
Removal of lash by OO to evacuate pus
Advise improve local hygiene
Refer to GP if reoccurring

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22
Q

Chalazion: Signs (3 points)

A

Swelling inside eyelid
Hard and gradually grows
Greyish area on tarsal conjunctiva on lid eversion

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23
Q

Chalazion: Symptoms (2 points)

A

Painless

If continues to grow, can press and distort cornea

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24
Q

Chalazion: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Swelling of tarsal gland
Blocked duct or infection
Recurs with blepharitis

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25
Q

Chalazion: Treatment (2 points)

A

Reassurance

Refer to GP for surgical removal

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26
Q

Hordoleum Internum: Signs (3 points)

A

Red swelling
Inflammation of tarsal conjunctiva on eversion
Generalised inflammation

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27
Q

Hordoleum Internum: Symptoms (1 points)

A

Painful

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28
Q

Hordoleum Internum: Pathogenesis (2 points)

A

Infection of tarsal gland

Usually staphylococcal bacteria

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29
Q

Hordoleum Internum: Treatment (4 points)

A

Refer to OO
GP if acute
Hot compress
Refer to GP if needs antibiotics or surgical drainage

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30
Q

Dacrocystitis: Signs (3 points)

A

Inflammation of lacrimal sac (inner canthus)
Localised inflammation and discharge
Nasal conjunctiva can be red

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31
Q

Dacrocystitis: Symptoms (3 points)

A

Painful in acute form
Painless in chronic
Epiphora

32
Q

Dacrocystitis: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Acute due to infection
Usually bacterial
Chronic due to blockage of nasolacrimal duct

33
Q

Dacrocystitis: Treatment (5 points)

A 
Refer to GP
HES urgent if acute
Systemic antibiotics
Hot compress
Possible surgery to drain sac or re open passages
34
Q

Ectropion: Signs (3 points)

A

Lower lids roll away from globe
Palpebral conjunctive exposed (becomes dry and red)
Epiphora

35
Q

Ectropion: Symptoms (2 points)

A

Itself is painless

secondary issues can be painful

36
Q

Ectropion: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Loss of muscle tone in orbicularis oculi
Px wipes eye down, increases issue and dermatitis
Scar tissue can cause ectropion

37
Q

Ectropion: Treatment (4 points)

A

Refer to GP
Surgery to eyelid margin
Bandage CL to protect cornea from drying (exposure keratitis)
Advise wipe up

38
Q

Entropion: Signs (2 points)

A

Lid margin rolling in

Redness of bulbar conjunctiva

39
Q

Entropion: Symptoms (2 points)

A

None for pathology itself

Eyelashes rub on conjunctiva causing pain, lacrimation and reduced VA

40
Q

Entropion: Pathogenesis (4 points)

A

Spasm if orbicularis oculi
Occurs mainly in elderly
Can be caused by scar tissue
May follow trachoma

41
Q

Entropion: Treatment (4 points)

A

Refer to GP - urgency based on symptoms
Scleral bandage CL
Surgery
Lash removal

42
Q

Ptosis: Signs (5 points)

A 
Abnormally low upper lid
Reduction in size of palpebral aperture
Pupil becomes covered
Px's raise eyebrow to compensate
Unilateral or bilateral
43
Q

Ptosis: Symptoms (2 points)

A

None unless pupil covered

If other symptoms then ptosis is due to underlying issue

44
Q

Ptosis: Pathogenesis (5 points)

A 
Commonly caused by defect of levator palpebral superioris
Congenital or acquired
Result of trauma
Horner's syndrome
3rd nerve palsy
45
Q

Ptosis: Treatment (4 points)

A

Refer to GP
Urgent to HES if present with other symtoms
Surgery - not in younger Px’s
Ptosis prop

46
Q

Xanthelasma: Signs (2 points)

A

Flat/yellow mass of fat below skin

Along upper and lower eyelids

47
Q

Xanthelasma: Symptoms (1 points)

A

None

48
Q

Xanthelasma: Pathogenesis (2 points)

A

Indicates high blood cholesterol

Common in diabetic Px’s

49
Q

Xanthelasma: Treatment (2 points)

A

Refer to GP for health check

Can be removed if cosmetically unacceptable

50
Q

Contact Dermatitis: Signs (3 points)

A

Allergic reaction
Inflammation of conjunctiva and eyelids
Lids red and puffy

51
Q

Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms (1 points)

A

Itching and discomfort

52
Q

Contact Dermatitis: Pathogenesis (1 points)

A

Reaction to cosmetics/fluids

53
Q

Contact Dermatitis: Treatment (3 points)

A

Refer to GP
Cool compress to soothe
steroids to reduce inflammation

54
Q

Epicanthus: Signs (2 points)

A

Folds of skin covering inner canthus

Usually bilateral - appearance of esotropia

55
Q

Epicanthus: Symptoms (1 points)

A

None

56
Q

Epicanthus: Pathogenesis (1 points)

A

Gradually disappears with age

57
Q

Epicanthus: Treatment (2 points)

A

Reassurance

ST to ensure no BV issues

58
Q

Keratoconus: Signs (5 points)

A 
Bulging, cone shape cornea
Usually bilateral
Irregular astigmatism
Munson's sign
Corneal oedema in severe cases
59
Q

Keratoconus: Symptoms (3 points)

A

Progressively educed VAs due to irregular astigmatism
Monocular diplopia in severe cases
Sudden drop in VA id oedema occurs

60
Q

Keratoconus: Pathogenesis (4 points)

A

Reduced corneal thickness
More common in males
Usually onset 10-20yrs of age
Gradual onset

61
Q

Keratoconus: Treatment (4 points)

A

Refer to optom/ophthalmology
RGP to reduce irregular astigmatism
Piggy back CL used if RGP not tolerated
Corneal graft if severe

62
Q

Retinoblastoma: Signs (4 points)

A

White pupil reflex caused by pale tumour - shows in flash photography
Reduce VA and squint can occur
Iris colour change

63
Q

Retinoblastoma: Symptoms (2 points)

A

Often none

Occasionally painful and red eye

64
Q

Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

More common in paediatric malignancy
Can be inherited but mostly sporadic
Arises from foetal retinal development

65
Q

Retinoblastoma: Treatment (4 points)

A

Urgent GP/ophthalmology referral
Early detection is important to reduce spread
Radiotherapy/chemo
half of kids will present with a secondary tumour

66
Q

Naevus: Signs (4 points)

A

Pigment area on iris
Like a freckle/mole
Can be flat or raised
Regular in shape

67
Q

Naevus: Symptoms (1 points)

A

None

68
Q

Naevus: Pathogenesis (1 points)

A

Accumulation of pigment cells on iris

69
Q

Naevus: Treatment (3 points)

A

Reassurance
Should be monitored
Changes can be malignant melanoma

70
Q

Iris Melanoma: Signs (3 points)

A

Area of iris different in colour to rest
Can appear thicker and cause distortion of pupil
Can bleed causing hyphaema

71
Q

Iris Melanoma: Symtoms (1 points)

A

None

72
Q

Iris Melanoma: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Uncontrolled growth of melanocytes
Develops from pre-existing naevi
Common in Px’s over 60

73
Q

Iris Melanoma: Treatment (3 points)

A

Refer to GP or HES depending on presentation
Surgical treatment
If advanced = enculeated

74
Q

Coloboma: Signs (2 points)

A

Section of inferior part of iris missing

Keyhole shape pupil

75
Q

Coloboma: Symptoms (2 points)

A

Photophobia/glare

Reduced VA due to poor retinal image

76
Q

Coloboma: Pathogenesis (3 points)

A

Failure of optic fissure to close
Occurs 5th week of embryonic life
Can affect choroid and retina

77
Q

Coloboma: Treatment (3 points)

A

No treatment possible
Cosmetic CL with opaque iris
Treatment focuses on improving VA’s/cosmesis

Year 2 DO Diploma Revision (10 decks)

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