Abnormal gait

Question 1

genu valgus

Answer 1

laxity of medial ligaments
lateral compartment DJD

precursors-
traumatic injury
progressive laxity
dysfunctional subtalar joint

rapid valgus deviation during midstance

Question 2

insufficient hip and knee flexion

Answer 2

spasticity of knee extensors
knee extension contracture
stiff hip

precursor- immobilization or surgical fusion
UMNL

compensatory hip hiking or circumduction

Question 3

insufficient knee extension

Answer 3

knee flexion contracture >10 degrees
hamstring spasticity
knee pain and joint effusion

precursor- UMNL or trauma or OA

increase in hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion
flexion due to lowest intraarticular pressure

Question 4

lack of shock absorption

Answer 4

quadriceps and or hip weakness
poor motor control

precursor- nerve palsy, oa

loud ground contact during LR
reduced shock absorption

Question 5

varus thrust

Answer 5

laxity of posterior and lateral ligaments
medial compartment DJD

precursor- trauma, laxity

rapid varus deviation during MS, often accompanied by recurvatum

Question 6

knee extensor thrust

Answer 6

spasticity of quadriceps

precursor- UMNL

depends on status of posterior structures of knee, may occur with or without genu recurvatum

Question 7

genu recurvatum during stance

Answer 7

knee extensor weakness

precursor- poliomyelitis, femoral nerve palsy, L3-L4 neuropathy

secondary to progressive stretching of posterior capsule of knee

Question 8

gait deviations at knee for compensation of impairments at…

Answer 8

ipsilateral ankle
ipsilateral hip
contralateral LE

Question 9

compensatory gait

Answer 9

antalgic gait
genu recurvatum from IC to preswing
knee kept in flexion during stance, despite normal AROM
excessive knee flexion during swing

Question 10

antalgic gait

Answer 10

painful stance LE

shorter step length and stance time
may be accompanied by ipsilateral trunk lean with hip pain
or contralateral trunk lean with knee and foot pain

Question 11

knee kept in flexion during stance, despite having normal AROM

Answer 11

plantar flexor weakness
hip flexion contracture
posterior pelvic tilt

contralateral limb shows exaggerated hip and knee flexion to clear toes, owing to functionally shorten the stance limb

Question 12

genu recurvatum from IC to preswing

Answer 12

ankle PF contracture (pes equinus deformity)
spasticity of ankle PF

knee must be hyperextend to compensate for lack of forward displacement of the tibia during midstance

Question 13

excessive knee flexion during swing

Answer 13

lack of ankle DF swing limb
short stance limb

strategy to increase toe clearance of swing limb
typically accompanied by increased hip flexion