ABGs

Question 1

Normal pH

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

normal Pao2

Answer 2

75-100

Question 3

normal paCo2

Answer 3

35-45

Question 4

normal hco3

Answer 4

22-28

Question 5

normal sao2

Answer 5

94-100

Question 6

normal arterial vol

Answer 6

15-22%

Question 7

normal venous vol

Answer 7

11-16%

Question 8

critical pH values

Answer 8

<7.25, >7.6

Question 9

Critical PaCo2

Answer 9

<20, >60

Question 10

critical HC03

Answer 10

<10, >40

Question 11

Critical PaO2

Answer 11

<40

Question 12

O2 sat critical

Answer 12

<75%

Question 13

What should you perform prior to ABG?

Answer 13

allen’s test

Question 14

PaCO2 is elevated in

Answer 14

respiratory acidosis
metabolic alkalosis

Question 15

PaCO2 is decreased in

Answer 15

respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis

Question 16

Majority of the CO2 in the blood is

Answer 16

HCO3 - regulated by the kidneys
elevated in metabolic alkalosis, decreased in metabolic acidosis

Question 17

indirect measure of O2 in arterial blood

Answer 17

PaO2

decreased in: oxygen diffusion issues, premature mixing of arterial/venous blood (CHD), overperfusion (Pickwickian syndrome)

Question 18

% of hemoglobin saturated w/ oxygen

Answer 18

O2 saturation
if carbon monoxide poisoning –> put O2 on

Question 19

amount of oxygen in the blood

Answer 19

O2 sat * Hgb * 1.34 * PO2 * .003

Question 20

base excess/deficit calculated by

Answer 20

pH, PaCO2, Hct, measuring amount of buffering anions
negative = metabolic acidosis
positive = metabolic alkalosis or compenstaed resp acidosis

Question 21

When to draw an ABG?

Answer 21

resp failure, acid-base disorders, monitoring critically ill patients, evaluation of organ function, guiding therapy decisions

Question 22

interpret ABG

Answer 22

1) check pH
2) analyze paCO2
3) analyze HC03
4_ compensatory mechanisms

Question 23

high PaCO2, low pH

Answer 23

respiratory acidosis from COPD, asthma, overdose

Question 24

low PaCO2, high pH

Answer 24

respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation, anxiety, pain

Question 25

low HCO3, low pH

Answer 25

metabolic acidosis from diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure

Question 26

high HCO3, high pH

Answer 26

metabolic alkalosis, vomiting, diuretic use

Question 27

CIs to ABG

Answer 27

absence of pulse, infection, - allen test, AV fistula proximal to site of acess, severe coaguloopathy

can cause arterial occlusion, nerve injury

Question 28

metabolic alkalosis can be from

Answer 28

hypokalemia
hypochloremia
chronic + high vol gastric suction
chronic vomiting
aldosteronism

Question 29

respiratory alkalosis can be from

Answer 29

CHF, cystic fibrosis, CO poisoning, anxiety, pain, preganncy

Question 30

metabolic acidosis can be from

Answer 30

keto acidosis, lactic acidosis, severe diarrhea, renal failure

Question 31

respiratory acidosis can be from

Answer 31

resp failure

Question 32

Tx: respiratory acidosis

Answer 32

improve ventilation

Question 33

Tx: respiratory alkalosis

Answer 33

treat underlying cause

Question 34

Tx: metabolic acidosis

Answer 34

treat underlying cause

Question 35

Tx: metabolic alkalosis

Answer 35

correct electrolyte imbalances, treat vomiting

Question 36

COPD
oversedation
head trauma
over-oxygenation in patients w/ COPD causes

Answer 36

increased PaCO2

Question 37

hypoxemia
PE
anxiety
pain
pregnancy

Answer 37

decreased PaCO2

Question 38

chronic vomiting
aldosteronism
use of mercurial diuretics
COPD

Answer 38

increased HC03

Question 39

chronic or severe diarrhea
chronic use of loop diuretics
starvation
DKA
AKI

Answer 39

decreased HCO3

Question 40

polycythemia
increased oxygen
hyperventilation

Answer 40

increased PaO2 + O2 content

Question 41

anemias
mucus plug
bronchospasm
pneumothorax
pulmonary edema
ARDS

Answer 41

decreased PaO2 + O2 content

Question 42

anion gap

Answer 42

10-16

Question 43

high anion gap

Answer 43

lactate, ketones, renal, toxins

Question 44

normal anion gap

Answer 44

chloride, acetazolamide, addisons
GI causes - diarrhea ,vomtiing, fistulas