Abdominal / Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
When the bladder is full, messages travel along nerves from the bladder via the stretch receptors to the …
Spinal cord
‘Caution’ to the administration of … are patients presenting with hypoglycaemic seizures
Glucagon
The main function of the Loop of Henle is …
Water reabsorption
The administration of … has several key actions including the suppression of inflammation and immune response in Anaphylaxis patients.
Hydrocortisone
Sensory nerve cells in the hypothalamus called … detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood
Osmoreceptors
The normal pH of urine varies from …
4.5 - 8
… products are removed from the blood and eliminated from the body in urine.
Metabolic waste
The hormone … secreted by the pancreas converts stored … back into glucose that can be used as energy by the body.
Glucagon
Glycogen
The action of chewing by the teeth aides with … digestion through breaking down the food substances.
Mechanical
Glucose 40% is administered via the … route to ensure effective pharmacodynamic absorption
Buccal
The maximum dose for … is 20 grams
Glucose 40% Oral Gel
Glucagon should be administered via the … route in the antero-lateral aspect of the thigh or upper arm
Intramuscular
Blood glucose levels should remain between … mmol/L to maintain normal levels within a health patient.
3.5 - 8.0
Urea is a nitrogenous component of urine and it is a a byproduct of the breakdown of …
Amino acids
In the glomerular capillaries, the plasma is forced out and caught by the Bowman’s capsule in a process called …
Glomerular filtration
… is a hormone that induces the conversion of glycogen to … in the liver
Glucagon
Glucose
Plasma passes through into the Bowman’s capsule of the Renal Corpuscle, bringing along small molecule solutes, including wastes and toxins like urea and creatine as well as useful small molecule substances like glucose, amino acids and electrolytes. This captured plasma is now called … and is routed into the nephron
Filtrate
The … uses glucose as a fuel for large metabolic activity or puts the remaining glucose back into circulating blood
Liver
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “mechanical breakdown (chewing) and chemical breakdown by enzymes present in secretions produced by glands or accessory organs” describe the activity of …
Digestion
… has several actions one of which is to reverse allergic manifestations of acute anaphylaxis.
Epinephrine
The main role of the nephron is … to get the beneficial molecules (such as glucose, amino acids and electrolytes) back into our blood while leaving the wastes in the filtrate to be excreted as urine.
Selective reabsorption
The…has both exocrine and endocrine properties involved within the digestive systems.
Pancreas
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “eating, drinking & taking onboard food and drink” describes the activity of …
Ingestion
… should be administered over 2 minutes to avoid the side effects of the phosphate preservative causing stinging or burning sensation
Hydrocortisone
The key actions of Oxytocin administration results in the production further endogenous oxytocin in a cascading effect known as a … loop
Positive feedback
The blood remaining in the capillaries exits the glomerulus via the … and continues its way through the kidneys
Efferent arteriole
… and … are both different types of antihistamine
Loratadine
Chlorphenamine
The kidney plays a central role in the regulation of … blood pressure
Arterial
The … is the main artery that feeds the abdomen and digestive organs with oxygenated blood
Abdominal Aorta
Most of the waste products of … and many other substances exit the body via the urinary system.
Cellular metabolism
When blood volume is increased, stretch receptors in the … of the heart release atrial natriuretic hormone / ANP
Atria
The Renal corpuscle contains both the … and …
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “digested food substances pass through walls of some organs in the GI tract into the blood lymph capillaries” describes the activity of …
Absorption
The … system is a chemical messenger system comprising of feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands directly into the circulatory systems.
Endocrine
Large amounts of absorption takes place in the small intestine. This absorption is aided by three things that help to increase the surface area of the small intestines … and … and …
Villi
Microvilli
Folds of Mucosa membrane
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “substances that cannot be digested or absorbed are excreted as faeces” describes the activity of …
Elimination
Blood enters the glomerulus via the …
Afferent arteriole
Kidneys (and liver) produce the hormone … which stimulates red blood cell production erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
When increased water content of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the brain antidiuretic hormone (ADH) output is … so less water is reabsorbed by the cells in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts leading to … urine output
Decreased
Increased
Excess glucose is turned into … by the hormone … that is secreted by the pancreas. This is then stored in the liver, muscles and some fat
Glycogen
Insulin
… is the name for the contraction and relaxation of the … that propels food boluses through the GI tract
Peristalsis
Smooth muscle
The urine that drips down the nephron’s collecting ducts enters into the renal pelvis and from there, it moves along the … and into the …
Ureter
Bladder
The kidney influences blood pressure by causing the arteries and veins to constrict via the …
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Hypostop was a common UK brand name for … and is presented in a tube containing … of glucose
Glucose 40% Oral Gel
10g
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “the mixture and movement of content or boluses along the GI tract” describes the activity of …
Propulsion
In our practice we do NOT administer … Adrenaline 1:1000 to treat anaphylaxis.
Intravenous
The … is the flap that closes off the larynx & tracheal opening preventing swallowed food boluses and fluids from entering the lower airways.
Epiglottis
Most of the absorption takes place in the … inside the digestive system.
Small intestine
From time of administration Glucagon may take up to … to establish its full therapeutic effect.
15 minutes
Two … convey the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
The urinary system plays a vital role in maintaining … of water and electrolyte concentration within the body.
Homeostasis
Severe Anaphylaxis Shock in our practice is treated with the following medications in order … to treat the symptoms … as an antihistamine and … to prevent a biphasic response and … to address any airway wheezing
Adrenaline 1:1000, Epinephrine
Chlorphenamine
Hydrocortisone
Salbutamol
