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Medicine > Abdominal And GI tract Anatomy > Flashcards

Abdominal And GI tract Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What sympathetic/visceral afferents innervate the foregut? Which dermatomes is referred pain in the foregut referred to and what region is this?

A

Coeliac plexus
T5-9
Epigastric region

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2
Q

What sympathetic/visceral afferents innervate the midgut? Which dermatomes is referred pain in the midgut referred to and what region is this?

A

Superior mesenteric nerve
T10-11
Umbilical region

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3
Q

What sympathetic/visceral afferents innervate the hindgut? Which dermatomes is referred pain in the hindgut referred to and what region is this?

A

Inferior mesenteric nerve
T12-L1
Pubic/Hypogastric region

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4
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane which lines the abdominopelvic wall and organs

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5
Q

If an organ is in contact with the posterior abdominal wall, what is it known as?

A

Retroperitoneum

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6
Q

What is a double layer of peritoneum called? How many layers will it have and what forms them?

A

Mesentery

4 layers- parietal, visceral, visceral, parietal

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7
Q

The visceral peritoneum has a separate neurolymphovascular supply to the organ it covers true or false?

A

False - it’s closely associated so supply is the same

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8
Q

What is the neurolymphvascular supply of the parietal peritoneum the same as?

A

The abdominal pelvic wall segment it is in contact with

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9
Q

Abdominal aorta is retroperitoneal true or false?

A

True

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10
Q

What is located between the mesentery?

A

Fat, neurolymphovasculature

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11
Q

Where is the lesser sac? What partially separates it from the greater sac?

A

Posterior to wall of stomach and liver, anterior to posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the greater omentum attached to?

A

Greater omentum of the stomach, around the transverse colon to the proximal duodenum and then posterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

what is the transverse mesocolon, and what are its attachments and course?

A

Mesentery of the transverse colon which courses horizontal from anterior aspect of right kidney across descending part of duodenum to pancreas, along posterior abdominal wall

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14
Q

Through which opening are the greater and lesser sacs connected? Where is this located?

A

Epiploic foramen of Winslow, located inferior to and through the free margin of the lesser omentum

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15
Q

At what spinal level does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

A

T10

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16
Q

Which parts of the mediastinum does it travel through?

A

Superior and posterior

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17
Q

What covers the oesophagus at the oesophageal hiatus?

A

Right crus of diaphragm

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18
Q 
What is the:
-upper 1/3
-middle 1/3
-lower 1/3
of the oesophagus supplied by?
A 
Upper = oesophageal branch of inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk of subclavian)
Middle = oesophageal branch of thoracic aorta
Inferior = oesophageal branch of left gastric from coeliac trunk
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19
Q

ANS to oesophagus?

A 
Sympathetic = coeliac plexus
Parasympathetic = vagus, via oesophageal plexus
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20
Q

Which region does the stomach lie in?

A

Left hypochondrium

Epigastric

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21
Q

Level of transpyloric plane?

A

L1

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22
Q

What are the folds of the stomach lining called? What forms them?

A

Rugae

Folding of mucosa and submucosa

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23
Q

What organ does the descending duodenum curve around?

A

Pancreas

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24
Q

The duodenum is retroperitoneal true or false?

A

True - some bits in contact with posterior abdominal wall

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25
Q

Which part of the duodenum does the ampulla of vater open into?

A

The descending duodenum

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26
Q

What is important about the major duodenal papilla?

A

Where the biliary system opens into duodenum

Boundary between mid- and foregut

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27
Q

What are the folds of the duodenal lining called? Describe them

A

Plicae circulares - they are complete, circular folds

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28
Q

The whole duodenum is supplied by the coeliac trunk true or false?

A

False - the distal duodenum is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

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29
Q

What artery actually supplies the duodenum?

A 
Proximal = coeliac trunk --> gastroduodenal artery --> pancreaticoduodenal artery
Distal = SMA --> inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
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30
Q

Venous drainage of duodenum?

A

SMV, splenic veins or hepatic portal vein

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31
Q

Which of the four parts of the duodenum are retroperitoneal?

A

Second half of Superior, Descending and Horizontal

32
Q

Does the superior duodenum go over or under the right lobe of the liver and the gallbladder?

A

Under

33
Q

The proximal portion of duodenum is NOT retroperitoneal, but it is covered by something… what?

A

Lesser omentum

34
Q

Bile duct and hepatic portal vein both pass over the superior duodenum true or false?

A

False, they are posterior

35
Q

The duodenojejunal flexure is situated to the left of the abdominal aorta true or false?

A

true

36
Q

What organs are found posterior to the right lobe of the liver?

A

Right suprarenal gland, right kidney and transverse colon

37
Q

What organs are found posterior to the left lobe of the liver?

A

Stomach and oesophagus

38
Q

What separates the left lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe?

A

Ligamentum venosum

39
Q

What separates the left lobe of the liver from the quadrate lobe?

A

Ligamentum teres

40
Q

The ligamentum venosum is part of the falsiform ligament true or false?

A

False, the ligamentum teres is part of the falsiform ligament

41
Q

Embryologically, what were the ligamentum venosum and teres?

A 
LV = ductus venosus
LT = umbilical vein
42
Q

Function of umbilical vein embryologically?

A

Carry OXYgenated blood into foetus, terminating in porta hepatis (hepatic portal vein)

43
Q

Function of ductus venosus embryologically?

A

Took blood from umbilical vein to the IVC in order to bypass porta hepatis

44
Q

Venous drainage?

A

Right, middle and left hepatic veins –> IVC

45
Q

What does the lesser omentum join?

A

posterior visceral surface of liver to lesser curvature of stomach (from cardiac to pylorus and a bit of duodenum)

46
Q 
Right edge of lesser omentum is free true or false?
What structure(s) does it encapsulate as anterior peritoneum becomes posterior peritoneum?
A

True

Common bile duct, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

47
Q

Is the pancreas retro- or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal - entirely

48
Q

Embryological development of pancreas (time and primordial structures)

A

Ventral and dorsal buds distal to stomach (Week 4)

Ventral bud rotates (week 6) forming entire organ

49
Q

Which regions of the pancreas lie in the curvature of the duodenum?

A

Uncinate process (inferiorly) and head (superiorly)

50
Q

Which region of the pancreas lies posterior to the duodenum?

A

Neck

51
Q

Relation of superior mesenteric vein to regions of pancreas?

A

Posterior to neck, anterior to uncinate process

52
Q

Where does the minor duodenal papilla open in relation to the major duodenal papilla? What is the difference in contents

A

Superior - only has pancreatic secretions

53
Q

What organ does the body of the pancreas overly?

A

Left kidney

54
Q

What is an annular pancreas? Complications?

A

Ventral bud forms ring around duodenum in development

Can cause atresia or block duodenum

55
Q

Greatest proportion of total length of GI formed by large intestine true or false?

A

False - small intestine

56
Q

What demarcates the end of the small intestine?

A

Ileocaecal junction

57
Q

Which SI organ (J or I) has multiple arterial arcades?

A

Ileum

58
Q

Which SI organ (J or I) has long vasa recta rather than short?

A

Jejunum

59
Q

Which SI organ (J or I) has the thinner wall?

A

Ileum

60
Q

Which SI organ (J or I) is intraperitoneal?

A

Jejunum AND ileum

61
Q

How are the jejunum and ileum anchored to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

By mesentery

62
Q

Which SI organ (J or I) has more plicae circulares?

A

Jejunum

63
Q

Which of the 9 regions is the caecum situated in?

A

Right iliac

64
Q

What prevents reflux of contents of caecum back into ileum?

A

Ileocaecal valve

65
Q

Where do the taeniae coli originate and insert?

A

Base of vermiform appendix to rectosigmoid junction

66
Q

The ascending colon lies on the anterior abdominal wall true or false?

A

False - posterior abdominal wall

67
Q

Nerve supply to large intestine

A

Up to 2/3 of transverse colon:

— parasympathetic = vagus nerve (CNX)
— sympathetic = superior mesenteric ganglia (T11-L2)

Distal to 2/3 of transverse colon:
— parasympathetic = pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)
— sympathetic = inferior mesenteric ganglia (T11-L2)

68
Q

Dermatome for initial pain of appendicitis?

Pain after parietal peritoneum is pressed by swelling?

A

T10

then right lower quadrant

69
Q

What level is the rectosigmoid junction?

A

S3 vertebra

70
Q

An important muscle of faecal continence, O and I?

A

Puborectalis - from body of pubis slings around anorectal flexure

71
Q

How many folds are there in the rectum and what are they called?

A

3 transverse folds

72
Q

What do the teniae coli become once they reach the anorectal junction?

A

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer of rectum

73
Q

What are the small pouches of fat-filled peritoneum covering the large intestine called>

A

Epiploic or omental appendices

74
Q

Peritoneal coverings of rectum (considered in thirds)…?

A 
First = covering anterolateral surfaces
Second = covering anterior surface
Third = sub-peritoneal
75
Q

What is the posterior rectum in contact with?

A

Sacrum

76
Q

Describe the type of muscle and innervation of internal anal sphincter

A

Circular smooth muscle continuous with SM of rectum
Sympathetic (T11-L2) = contraction
Parasympathetic (S2-4) = relaxation

77
Q

Describe the type of muscle and innervation of external anal sphincter

A

Striated muscle - pudendal nerve S2-4

Medicine (62 decks)

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