Abdominal

Question 1

Is GORD more common in Men or Women

Answer 1

3x more common in men

Question 2

Causes of GORD

Answer 2

Failure of LOS, Increased abdominal pressure and delayed gastric emptying

Question 3

3 symptoms of GORD

Answer 3

Acid reflux, Oesophagitis and Halitosis

Question 4

3 Investigations of GORD

Answer 4

Endoscopy, pH Manometry and Barium Swallow

Question 5

Treatment of GORD (Medical and Surgical)

Answer 5

Lifestyle changes, PPI and H2 antagonist/ Fundoplication

Question 6

2 Main causes of Peptic ulcers

Answer 6

H.pylori and NSAIDs

Question 7

Differences between Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

Answer 7

Gastric - Aggravated by eating, relieved by vomiting, more common in older
Duodenal - Relieved by food so causes weight gain and more common ages 25-50

Question 8

Investigations of Peptic Ulcers

Answer 8

Endoscopy, H.pylori breath/stool test

Question 9

Treatment of Peptic Ulcers

Answer 9

If no H.pylori - Antacids and H2 antagonists

H.pylori - CLATM - Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin/ Metronidazole and PPI

Question 10

Differences between Crohns and UC

Answer 10

Crohns - Can affect whole of GI tract, full thickness affected, most common in ileocecal region, smoking increases risk,
UC - Only colon involved, continuous, superficial, smoking is protective, blood and mucus in stools.

Question 11

Common age range for Crohns

Answer 11

Adolescence and early adulthood

Question 12

Treatment of Crohns

Answer 12

Stop smoking, corticosteroids acutely and immunosuppression chronically - Azathioprine, Methotrexate etc

Question 13

Investigation of IBD

Answer 13

Faecal Calprotectin

Question 14

Treatment of UC

Answer 14

Analgesia, Mesalazine and Surgical Resection

Question 15

Age range for IBS

Answer 15

20-30 yrs

Question 16

Symptoms of IBS

Answer 16

Uncomfortable and painful abdomen, relieved by defecation/ passing wind

Question 17

Symptoms of Infective Gastroenteritis

Answer 17

Sudden Diarrhoea +/- blood and mucus, +/- nausea and vomiting, fever and malaise

Question 18

Treatment of IG

Answer 18

Fluids and Analgesia

- No Abx unless blood in the stool

Question 19

Causes of Pancreatitis

Answer 19

I GET SMASHED - Gallstones and Alcohol most common

Question 20

Acute Pancreatitis Symptoms

Answer 20

Upper abdo pain, radiates to the back, lasts <72 hrs

• Cullens and Grey Turners Sign
• Worse after eating

Question 21

Chronic Pancreatitis Symptoms

Answer 21

Less severe but similar pain

Question 22

2 Signs of Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 22

Raised Amylase/Lipase

Question 23

Acute Pancreatitis Treatment

Answer 23

Fasting, Analgesia and IV Fluids

Question 24

Chronic Pancreatitis Treatment

Answer 24

Enzyme replacement therapy and Somatostatin

Question 25

Gallstone Risk Factors

Answer 25

Fat, Female, Forty, Fertile

Question 26

Most common type of Gallstone

Answer 26

Cholesterol - 80%

Question 27

Symptoms of Gallstones

Answer 27

Biliary Colic - Right epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, pale stools and dark urine

Question 28

Treatment of Gallstones

Answer 28

Cholecystectomy oir Ursodiol to dissolve if small

Question 29

2 Modes of Hepatitis Virus Transmission

Answer 29

A+ E = Faeco-oral | B + C = Blood borne

Question 30

Symptoms of Hepatitis Infection

Answer 30

Fever, Jaundice (Intrahepatic), Nausea, anorexia

Question 31

Age range for Appendicitis

Answer 31

10-20 years

Question 32

Symptoms of Appendicitis

Answer 32

Generalised pain becoming localised - McBurney's Sign | Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation/Diarrhoea

Question 33

Investigations of Appendicitis

Answer 33

Urinalysis and USS

Question 34

Symptoms of Bowel Obstruction

Answer 34

Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Pain and Dysphagia

Question 35

Common causes of Small Bowel Obstruction

Answer 35

Adhesions, Malignancy and Hernia

Question 36

Common causes of Large Bowel Obstruction

Answer 36

Malignancy, Volvulus and Diverticular Disease

Question 37

Define a Hernia

Answer 37

Protrusion of a structure through the wall containing it

Question 38

Differences between Femoral and Inguinal Hernia

Answer 38

``` F = 4,000/yr, more common in women, reducible and do not reappear on cough I = 70,000/yr, more common in men and reappear on cough ```

Question 39

Difference between Direct and Indirect Inguinal Hernias

Answer 39

``` Indirect = Through the internal inguinal ring and the canal Direct = Through weakness in canal (Hesselbach's Triangle) ```