Abdominal Flashcards
Is GORD more common in Men or Women
3x more common in men
Causes of GORD
Failure of LOS, Increased abdominal pressure and delayed gastric emptying
3 symptoms of GORD
Acid reflux, Oesophagitis and Halitosis
3 Investigations of GORD
Endoscopy, pH Manometry and Barium Swallow
Treatment of GORD (Medical and Surgical)
Lifestyle changes, PPI and H2 antagonist/ Fundoplication
2 Main causes of Peptic ulcers
H.pylori and NSAIDs
Differences between Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric - Aggravated by eating, relieved by vomiting, more common in older
Duodenal - Relieved by food so causes weight gain and more common ages 25-50
Investigations of Peptic Ulcers
Endoscopy, H.pylori breath/stool test
Treatment of Peptic Ulcers
If no H.pylori - Antacids and H2 antagonists
H.pylori - CLATM - Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin/ Metronidazole and PPI
Differences between Crohns and UC
Crohns - Can affect whole of GI tract, full thickness affected, most common in ileocecal region, smoking increases risk,
UC - Only colon involved, continuous, superficial, smoking is protective, blood and mucus in stools.
Common age range for Crohns
Adolescence and early adulthood
Treatment of Crohns
Stop smoking, corticosteroids acutely and immunosuppression chronically - Azathioprine, Methotrexate etc
Investigation of IBD
Faecal Calprotectin
Treatment of UC
Analgesia, Mesalazine and Surgical Resection
Age range for IBS
20-30 yrs
Symptoms of IBS
Uncomfortable and painful abdomen, relieved by defecation/ passing wind
Symptoms of Infective Gastroenteritis
Sudden Diarrhoea +/- blood and mucus, +/- nausea and vomiting, fever and malaise
Treatment of IG
Fluids and Analgesia
- No Abx unless blood in the stool
Causes of Pancreatitis
I GET SMASHED - Gallstones and Alcohol most common
Acute Pancreatitis Symptoms
Upper abdo pain, radiates to the back, lasts <72 hrs
- Cullens and Grey Turners Sign
- Worse after eating
Chronic Pancreatitis Symptoms
Less severe but similar pain
2 Signs of Acute Pancreatitis
Raised Amylase/Lipase
Acute Pancreatitis Treatment
Fasting, Analgesia and IV Fluids
Chronic Pancreatitis Treatment
Enzyme replacement therapy and Somatostatin
Gallstone Risk Factors
Fat, Female, Forty, Fertile
Most common type of Gallstone
Cholesterol - 80%
Symptoms of Gallstones
Biliary Colic - Right epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, pale stools and dark urine
Treatment of Gallstones
Cholecystectomy oir Ursodiol to dissolve if small
2 Modes of Hepatitis Virus Transmission
A+ E = Faeco-oral
B + C = Blood borne
Symptoms of Hepatitis Infection
Fever, Jaundice (Intrahepatic), Nausea, anorexia
Age range for Appendicitis
10-20 years
Symptoms of Appendicitis
Generalised pain becoming localised - McBurney’s Sign
Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation/Diarrhoea
Investigations of Appendicitis
Urinalysis and USS
Symptoms of Bowel Obstruction
Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Pain and Dysphagia
Common causes of Small Bowel Obstruction
Adhesions, Malignancy and Hernia
Common causes of Large Bowel Obstruction
Malignancy, Volvulus and Diverticular Disease
Define a Hernia
Protrusion of a structure through the wall containing it
Differences between Femoral and Inguinal Hernia
F = 4,000/yr, more common in women, reducible and do not reappear on cough I = 70,000/yr, more common in men and reappear on cough
Difference between Direct and Indirect Inguinal Hernias
Indirect = Through the internal inguinal ring and the canal Direct = Through weakness in canal (Hesselbach's Triangle)
