Abdomen, Thorax, and Spine Flashcards
what do ribs give us though thoracic spine?
rigidity
Where are kidneys - why is their location important?
Peaking out from under ribs, mostly outside of thoracic cavity (btw T12 and L3 vertebrae) - their location means they are not always protected and thus are vulnerable to injury
what is the TFL (thoracic fascial chain)
myofascial girdle that surrounds the lower portion of torso and plays important role in posture, stabilization, load transfer, and respiration
where are facet joints
btw pedicle and lamina of same vertebral - provide stability for the vertebral column as a whole
What structures are in the right upper abdominal quadrant?
Liver, gullbladder, duodenum, head of panceas, right kidney and adrenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon, paart of transverse and ascending colon
what structures are in the left upper abdominal quadrant
Stomach, spleen. left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and desending colon
what structures are in right lower abdominal quadrant
caecum, appendix, right ovary and rube, right ureter
what structures are in the left lower abdominal quadrant?
part of descending colon, sigmoid colon. left ovary and tube, left ureter
What is a sport hernia?
fascial weakness in the abdominal wall were abdominals and adductors attach into pubic bone
What is the MOI for a sports hernia?
repetitive strain to the area
What are the signs and symptoms with a sports hernia?
pain with sitting up, quick change in directions, sprinting, and coughing
what is the special test for a sports hernia?
resisted sit-up : positive with pain
What is the acute management for a sports hernia?
PIER, adductor wrap
what is the prolonged treatment for a sports hernia?
conservative treatment to hep manage symptoms (4-6 weeks), sequential return to plauy
what is penumothorax?
a collapsed lung - this occurs when air leaks into space btw lung and chest wall and pushed air outside of lung, causing a collapse
When is pneumothorax common?
most common with a rib fracture!
What is MOI for abdominal injuries
direct blow, fall from height
What are SandS for abdominal injuries
pain, rigidity in abdomen, feeling unwell, shock, cullen sign, grey turner sign
what is cullen sign?
discoloration around belly button
What is grey turner sign?
Discoloration around flank area (side of body from upper abdomen to back)
What is MOI for kidney injuries?
blow to the back
What are signs and symptoms with kidney injuries?
pain in low back, peeing blod, feeling unwell, shock
What do we do post suspected kidney injury for treatment?
Refer!
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
genetic condition causing thickening of heart muscles that causes an altered rhythm in the heart resulting in rediced/blocked blood flow
What are some warning signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
fainting/seizure, dizziness/light headedness, chest pain (even at rest), palpitations (quick/fluttering/irregular/pounding heart beats)
shortness of breath
What are some emerging causes of acquired heart disease in young atheletes?
anabolic steroids, peptide hormones, stimulants
What is getting the wind knocked out of you anatomically
when your diaphragm spasms
What is MOI to getting wind knocked out of you/blow to solar plexus?
blow to abdomen or chest, fall on buttocks or back
what are S and S for getting wind knocked out of you/blow to solar plexus?
pain, difficulty breathing, panicky, hard to catch breath
what is the MOI for a facet joint sprain?
forced rotation
what are the signs and symptoms of a facet joint sprain?
hear/feel pop, sharp localized pain, pain with motions that open joint (ie twisting or bending)
what is the ST for a facet joint sprain?
Quadrant test (+ if pain on op side)
Quadrant test:
athelete is in standing
Athelete extends backwards, side bends, and rotates in same direction
Pain on same side = facet joint effusion/irritation
Pain on opposite side = facet sprain on opposite side
What is faccet joint effusion
irritation of the facet joint
What is MOI for facet joint effusion
sudden episode of extreme ROM
What are S and S for facet joint effusion
Feel of a click or sharp pain, localized pain, spasm around same inflamed joint, nerve root is irritated, closing joint will be painful
What is the ST for facet joint effusion?
Quadrant test (+ if pain on same side as bend)
Have athelete standing, get them to extend backwards through the spine, have the athelte side bend to one side and rotate in that same direction
What isa cute management for facet joint sprain
Pier and refer for treatment (RFT)
What is acute management for facet joint effusion?
PIER (to sooth inflammation and discomfort) and RFT
What is MOI for a disc protrusion?
Acute or chronic compression through disc often in flexed position
What are S and S for disc protrusion?
Pain with repeat fwd bending (posterior protrusion), relief with extension, pain with coughing and sneezing
What is acute management for a disc protrusion
RFT (conservative treatment)
What are some goals with treatment when structures are damaged
supporting structures via dynamic contractile stabilizers to increase support
Dermatomes
Sensory areas of the skin that are innervated by specific nerve roots (afferent nerve fibers) - sensations can include pain, tingling, numbness, pressure
Myotomes
Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root
What does myotome testing generally look like
performing resisted test 5 x bilaterally (+ if weakness)
What is the motion to test C1
Cervical flexion
What is the motion to test C2
Cervical rotation
What is the motion to test C3
Cervical side bending
What is the motion to test C4
Shoulder elevation (shrug)
What is the motion to test C5
Shoulder Abduction
What is the motion to test C6
Elbow flexion
What is the motion to test C7
elbow extension
What is the motion to test C8
Thumb extension
What is the motion to test T1
Hand intrinsics - ie spread fingers
What is the motion to test L1 and L2
Hip flexion in sitting (raise the quad while sitting)
What is the motion to test L3
Knee extension
What is the motion to test L4
Foot dorsiflexion and inversion
What is the motion to test L5
Hallux extension
What is the motion to test S1
Knee flexion and toe raises
What is the motion to test S2
Big toe flexion and toe raises
Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes biceps
C5
Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes brachioradialis
C6
Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes - triceps
C7
Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes - patellar tendon
L3 and L4
Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes - achiles tendon
S1
What is MOI for strains of the Neck and Back
overstretching or eccentric load (loading the muscle while fwd bending), rotation at high velocity, external force to area
What are S and S for muscle strains of neck and back
Abrupt pull, pain, protective spasm, divot (large strain)
What is acute management for muscle strain of neck and back
PEIR (but never to anterior neck or major vessels) and altered activity
What is MOI for rib and scapula fractures?
Direct blow or compression to the ribs or a fall onto scapula
What is S and S for rib fracture?
pain with deep breath (shallow breathing), pain with compression, TOP area of fracture
What is S and S for scapula fracture?
TOP, pain with movement of shoulders
What is the acute management for a rib or scapula fracture?
stabilize segments with padding and tensor (if tolerated), tube sling for scap fracture, send for imahing
What is spondylosis of the spine?
stress fracture to pars interarticularis
