Abdomen, Pelvis, Perineum Part 3 DR Flashcards
describe the appearance and shape of the spleen
is the spleen intra or retroperitoneal
why
what is the function of the spleen
describe the anatomical location of the spleen
where is it in relation to other organs
describe the surfaces of the spleen
how does the spleen’s location help protect it, but also make it vulnerable
ribcage
what are the splenic ligaments
where do they attach
what is the clinical significance of the spleen notches
what are the capsule and trabeculae of the spleen
what is their function
what are the capsule and trabeculae of the spleen
what is their function
describe the arterial blood supply to the spleen
where does the splenic artery divide
runs through the gastrosplenic ligament
describe the venous drainage of the spleen
what anatomical factors make sub-total splenectomy possible
describe the innervation of the spleen
what vertebral level is the pancreas
is pancreas intra or retro peritoneal
describe the relationship of the pancreas to the superior mesenteric vessels
describe the anatomical position of the pancreas
what are the different parts of the pancreas
where are they
describe the passage of ducts in the pancreas
what are the sphincters on the on the 3 sphincters around the ducts
what is their function
describe the blood supply of the pancreas
describe the venous drainage of the pancreas
describe the innervation of pancreas
how does this relate to its function
what are the major vessels that run very close to the pancreas
where are they
how are the adrenals and kidneys related to each other
describe the layers of tissue which surround the kidney
what is their purpose
renal capsule
perirenal fat - extends into renal sinus
renal fascia - encloses all sides of kidney and suprarenal glands except for inferiorly
pararenal fat - fat of the lumbar region, most obvious on posterior side of kidney
renal fascia sends collagen bundles through pararenal fat
what is the location of the kidneys
what vertebral level
retroperitoneal
right kidney slightly lower than left
T12-L3, lie in front of the 11th and 12th ribs
what is the renal sinus
how do the kidneys move
why is the right kidney lower than the left
what structures are closely related to the posterior surface of the kidneys
what structures are closely related to the anterior surface of the kidney
from anterior to posterior what are the structures in the renal hilum
why are the kidneys at an angle in the body
what is the renal pyramid
give the sequence of structures that drain into it
what are the ureters
where do they pass through
where are the constrictions of the ureter
what is the clinical significance of this
what are the layers surrounding the adrenal/suprarenal glands
how are they separated from the kidney
what are the attachment of the adrenal/suprarenal glands
are adrenals intra or retroperitoneal
how does the shape and location of the right and left adrenal differ
right gland is pyramidal and situated over the superior pole of the right kidney
left is semilunar and situated over the superior-medial aspect of the left kidney
what is the splenic hilum
what is significant about it
where veins and lymphatics leave the hilum
but arteries and nerves enter the gland at various sites
what structures is the right adrenal close to
anterior to adrenal - is liver and vena cava
posterior to adrenal - is right crus of diaphragm
what structures is left adrenal close to
anterior to adrenal - stomach, pancreas, spleen
posterior to adrenal - left crus of diaphragm
what structures are found between the right and left medial borders of the spleen
what are the different parts of the adrenal glands
what are their embryological origins
describe the arterial blood supply to kidneys
renal arteries arise directly from aorta (just below superior mesenteric artery) at level of intervertebral disc between L1 and L2
right renal artery is longer and passes posterior to IVC
at the hilum renal artery divides into 5 segmental arteries
segmental → interlobar → arcuate → interlobular → afferent arterioles
what is the clinical significance of the segmental arteries of the kidney
what are the segmental arteries of the kidney
5
apical segmental
antero-superior segmental
antero-inferior segmental
inferior segmental
posterior segmental
where do arteries enter the kidney
describe the venous drainage of the kidneys
from left and right renal veins → drain into IVC
left renal vein is longer
both veins anterior to renal arteries
describe the arterial supply to the ureters
what is the clinical significance of this
renal arteries
testicular or ovarian arteries
abdominal aorta
common iliac
all form longitudinal anastomosis on ureter wall → but the branches are delicate so ischaemia can occur if ruptured despite continuous anastamosis
therefore surgeons operating in posterior abdominal region are careful not to retract ureters laterally or unnecessarily
describe the venous drainage of the ureters
blood drains into renal vein and testicular/ovarian veins
describe the arterial supply to the adrenal glands
extensive blood supply due to endocrine function
suprarenal arteries have 50-60 branches coming into gland, enter all over it
suprarenal arteries arise from 3 sources:
superior suprarenal - arises from inferior phrenic (comes off abdominal aorta)
middle suprarenal - arises from aorta
inferior suprarenal - arises from renal arteries
describe the venous drainage of the adrenals
via left and right suprarenal veins
right suprarenal is shorter and drains directly into IVC
left suprarenal is longer and joins with left inferior phrenic to drain into left renal vein then into IVC
where is referred pain from the ureter
