Abdomen, Pelvis, Perineum Part 3 DR

Question 1

describe the appearance and shape of the spleen

Question 2

is the spleen intra or retroperitoneal

why

Question 3

what is the function of the spleen

Question 4

describe the anatomical location of the spleen

where is it in relation to other organs

Question 5

describe the surfaces of the spleen

Question 6

how does the spleen’s location help protect it, but also make it vulnerable

Answer 6

ribcage

Question 7

what are the splenic ligaments

where do they attach

Question 8

what is the clinical significance of the spleen notches

Question 9

what are the capsule and trabeculae of the spleen

what is their function

Question 9

what are the capsule and trabeculae of the spleen

what is their function

Question 10

describe the arterial blood supply to the spleen

Answer 10

where does the splenic artery divide

runs through the gastrosplenic ligament

Question 11

describe the venous drainage of the spleen

Question 12

what anatomical factors make sub-total splenectomy possible

Question 13

describe the innervation of the spleen

Question 14

what vertebral level is the pancreas

Question 15

is pancreas intra or retro peritoneal

Question 16

describe the relationship of the pancreas to the superior mesenteric vessels

Question 17

describe the anatomical position of the pancreas

Question 18

what are the different parts of the pancreas

where are they

Question 19

describe the passage of ducts in the pancreas

Question 20

what are the sphincters on the on the 3 sphincters around the ducts

what is their function

Question 21

describe the blood supply of the pancreas

Question 22

describe the venous drainage of the pancreas

Question 23

describe the innervation of pancreas

how does this relate to its function

Question 24

what are the major vessels that run very close to the pancreas where are they

Question 25

how are the adrenals and kidneys related to each other

Question 26

describe the layers of tissue which surround the kidney what is their purpose

Answer 26

renal capsule perirenal fat - extends into renal sinus renal fascia - encloses all sides of kidney and suprarenal glands except for inferiorly pararenal fat - fat of the lumbar region, most obvious on posterior side of kidney renal fascia sends collagen bundles through pararenal fat

Question 27

what is the location of the kidneys what vertebral level

Answer 27

retroperitoneal right kidney slightly lower than left T12-L3, lie in front of the 11th and 12th ribs

Question 28

what is the renal sinus

Question 29

how do the kidneys move

Question 30

why is the right kidney lower than the left

Question 31

what structures are closely related to the posterior surface of the kidneys

Question 32

what structures are closely related to the anterior surface of the kidney

Question 33

from anterior to posterior what are the structures in the renal hilum

Question 34

why are the kidneys at an angle in the body

Question 35

what is the renal pyramid give the sequence of structures that drain into it

Question 36

what are the ureters where do they pass through

Question 37

where are the constrictions of the ureter what is the clinical significance of this

Question 38

what are the layers surrounding the adrenal/suprarenal glands how are they separated from the kidney

Question 39

what are the attachment of the adrenal/suprarenal glands

Question 40

are adrenals intra or retroperitoneal

Question 41

how does the shape and location of the right and left adrenal differ

Answer 41

right gland is pyramidal and situated over the superior pole of the right kidney left is semilunar and situated over the superior-medial aspect of the left kidney

Question 42

what is the splenic hilum what is significant about it

Answer 42

where veins and lymphatics leave the hilum but arteries and nerves enter the gland at various sites

Question 43

what structures is the right adrenal close to

Answer 43

anterior to adrenal - is liver and vena cava posterior to adrenal - is right crus of diaphragm

Question 44

what structures is left adrenal close to

Answer 44

anterior to adrenal - stomach, pancreas, spleen posterior to adrenal - left crus of diaphragm

Question 45

what structures are found between the right and left medial borders of the spleen

Question 46

what are the different parts of the adrenal glands what are their embryological origins

Question 47

describe the arterial blood supply to kidneys

Answer 47

renal arteries arise directly from aorta (just below superior mesenteric artery) at level of intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 right renal artery is longer and passes posterior to IVC at the hilum renal artery divides into 5 segmental arteries segmental → interlobar → arcuate → interlobular → afferent arterioles

Question 48

what is the clinical significance of the segmental arteries of the kidney

Question 49

what are the segmental arteries of the kidney

Answer 49

5 apical segmental antero-superior segmental antero-inferior segmental inferior segmental posterior segmental

Question 50

where do arteries enter the kidney

Question 51

describe the venous drainage of the kidneys

Answer 51

from left and right renal veins → drain into IVC left renal vein is longer both veins anterior to renal arteries

Question 52

describe the arterial supply to the ureters what is the clinical significance of this

Answer 52

renal arteries testicular or ovarian arteries abdominal aorta common iliac all form longitudinal anastomosis on ureter wall → but the branches are delicate so ischaemia can occur if ruptured despite continuous anastamosis therefore surgeons operating in posterior abdominal region are careful not to retract ureters laterally or unnecessarily

Question 53

describe the venous drainage of the ureters

Answer 53

blood drains into renal vein and testicular/ovarian veins

Question 54

describe the arterial supply to the adrenal glands

Answer 54

extensive blood supply due to endocrine function suprarenal arteries have 50-60 branches coming into gland, enter all over it suprarenal arteries arise from 3 sources: superior suprarenal - arises from inferior phrenic (comes off abdominal aorta) middle suprarenal - arises from aorta inferior suprarenal - arises from renal arteries

Question 55

describe the venous drainage of the adrenals

Answer 55

via left and right suprarenal veins right suprarenal is shorter and drains directly into IVC left suprarenal is longer and joins with left inferior phrenic to drain into left renal vein then into IVC

Question 56

where is referred pain from the ureter