Abdomen

Question 1

What organs are in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 1

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys

Question 2

What organs are in the pelvic cavity?

Answer 2

rectum, sigmoid of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and reproduction organs

Question 3

true pelvis

Answer 3

the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to a plane passing through the sacral promontory posteriorly and the superior surface of the public bones anteriorly

Question 4

peritoneum

Answer 4

double-walled seromembranous sac that encloses abdominopelvic cavity

Question 5

parietal peritoneum

Answer 5

the outer portion of the seromembranous sac the is in close contact with the abdominal wall, the pelvic wall, and most of the undersurface of the diaphragm

Question 6

visceral peritoneum

Answer 6

the inner portion of the sac that is positioned over or around the contained organs

Question 7

mesentery and omento

Answer 7

peritoneum folds that serve to support the viscera in position

Question 8

peritoneal fluid

Answer 8

the space between the two layers of the peritoneum that contains serous fluid

Question 9

retroperitoneum

Answer 9

the cavity behind the peritoneum that holds that kidneys and pancreas

Question 10

What is the best criterion for assessing the quality of an abdominal radiographic image?

Answer 10

The ability to visualize:
- sharply defined outlines of the psoas muscles
- Lower border of the liver
- kidneys
- ribs and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

Question 11

What is another name for a supine AP Projection?

Answer 11

KUB: kidneys, ureters, bladder

Question 12

Which three projections usually comprise the acute abdomen series for ambulatory patients?

Answer 12

Supine KUB, AP upright abdomen, and upright PA chest

Question 13

To which level of the patient should the central ray be centered for the KUB when the patient is supine?

Answer 13

iliac crests

Question 14

For the AP upright abdomen image of an adult of average size, why should the centering be slightly higher than the centering level used for the supine KUB image?

Answer 14

to include the diaphragm

Question 15

For the KUB image, when should respiration be suspended, and what effect will that have on the patient?

Answer 15

on full expiration, elevate the diaphragm

Question 16

Why is it desirable to include the diaphragm in the upright abdomen image?

Answer 16

to demonstrate free air in the abdomen

Question 17

Which projection should be used to demonstrate free air within the abdominal cavity when the patient is unable to stand for an upright abdomen image?

Answer 17

AP Projection, left lateral decubitus position

Question 18

Which projection does not show free air levels within the abdomen?

Answer 18

AP Projection with the patient supine

Question 19

what is the major advantage of the PA projection of the abdomen over the AP projection of the abdomen?

Answer 19

The PA projection reduces the exposure dose to the gonads

Question 20

Which radiographic position of the abdomen requires that the patient be placed in the lateral recumbent position on his or her left side and that the horizontal central ray be directed along the midsagittal plane, entering the anterior surface of the patient’s abdomen at the level of the iliac crests?

Answer 20

Left lateral decubitus

Question 21

Which radiographic position of the abdomen requires that the patient be supine and that the central ray be directed to a lateral side of the patient, entering slightly anterior of the midcoronal plane?

Answer 21

dorsal decubitus

Question 22

Which radiographic position of the abdomen requires that the patient be placed in the lateral recumbent position on his or her left side, that the IR be placed under the patient and centered to the abdomen at the level of the iliac crests, and that the central ray be directed to enter the right side of the patient slightly anterior to the midcoronal plane?

Answer 22

left lateral

Question 23

For the lateral projection with the patient placed in the dorsal decubitus position, where should the central ray enter the patient?

Answer 23

2 inches (5 cm) anterior to the midcoronal plane and 2 inches (5cm) above the level of the iliac crests

Question 24

Which structures should be examined to see whether the patient was rotated for lateral projection of the abdomen?

Answer 24

pelvis and lumbar vertebrae

Question 25

How is proper patient alignment evaluated on an AP projection, supine position (KUB) image of the abdomen?

Answer 25

the cerebral column is centered in the collimated field

Question 26

Which of the following is evaluated to check for rotation of an AP projection, supine position image of the abdomen?

Answer 26

the Ala of the ilia are symmetric

Question 27

To which level of the patient should the central ray be centered for the KUB when the patient is upright and the diaphragm is of interest?

Answer 27

2 inches (5cm) above the iliac crests

Question 28

To which level of the patient should the central ray be centered for the KUB when the patient is upright and the bladder is of interest?

Answer 28

iliac crests

Question 29

What is the recommended exposure field or CR plate size when performing a KUB?

Answer 29

14x17inches lengthwise

Question 30

For AP Supine, where should the IR/Collimated field be centered?

Answer 30

at the level of the iliac crests and include pubic symphasis

Question 31

For AP upright, where should the IR/Collimated field be centered?

Answer 31

2 inches above the level of iliac crests or higher to include the diaphragm

Question 32

Where do you center the IR/collimated field for a upright image where the bladder is needed?

Answer 32

At the iliac crest

Question 33

For AP projection supine, where should central ray be?

Answer 33

perpendicular to the IR at the level of the iliac crests

Question 34

For AP projection upright, where should central ray be?

Answer 34

horizontal and 2 inches (5cm) above the level of the iliac crests to include the diaphragm

Question 35

What does the AP Projection of the abdomen show?

Answer 35

liver, spleen, kidneys, intra-abdominal calcifications or evidence of tumor masses

Question 36

When do you consider using the PA projection?

Answer 36

When the kidneys are not the primary interest

Question 37

Why is PA better than AP when it comes to radiation?

Answer 37

reduces patient gonadal dose

Question 38

For PA Projection upright, how should the patient be positioned?

Answer 38

center abdominal midline to the midline of the IR

Question 39

For PA Projection upright, how should the IR/Collimated field be centered?

Answer 39

2 inches (5cm) above the iliac crests

Question 40

In AP left lateral decubitus, how should the IR be positioned to the pt part?

Answer 40

long axis of IR is centered to the midsagittal plane

Question 41

For AP left lateral decubitus, how should the patient be centered?

Answer 41

center IR at iliac crests

Question 42

For lateral projection, the IR should be centered where?

Answer 42

At the level of the iliac crests, or 2 inches above crests to include diaphragm

Question 43

For lateral projection, where should the central ray be?

Answer 43

perpendicular to the IR, entering the midcoronal plane at level if the iliac crest or 2 inches above if diaphragm is needed