Abdomen Flashcards
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region
What are clinical indication for the Abdomen?
A preliminary evaluation of bowel gas in an emergency
When CT is not suitable
Evaluation of radiopaque tubes and lines, and foreign bodies
Check for postprocedural intraperitoneal/retroperitonealfree gas or bowel gas
Monitoring the passage of contrast through the bowel
Colonic transit studies
Monitoringrenal calculi
Relative Contraindication = Pregnancy
What are routine projections of the Abdomen?
AP Supine (AP)
KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder)
What is the adequacy of an AP abdomen X-Ray?
Adequacy
Inclusion of diaphragm superiorly
No rotation of the abdomen symmetry of the:
ribs (superior)
iliac crests (middle)
obturator foramen(inferior)
no blurring of the bowel gas due to respiratory motion
What is AP Abdomen collimation?
AP Abdomen collimation
laterally to the lateral abdominal wall
superior to the diaphragm
inferior to the inferior pubic rami
What is collimation?
field size of x-ray
What is KUB collimation
laterally to the lateral abdominal wall
superior to the upper kidney pole
inferior to the inferior pubic rami
What are additional projections for Abdomen?
Contrast Studies
Oesophagram
Upper GI Series
Small Bowel/Small Intestines Series
Barium Enema / Lower GI Series
What are contraindications for contrast studies for abdomen?
Difficulty swallowing
Chest and abdominal pain
Reflux (a backward flow of partially digested food and digestive juices)
Unexplained vomiting
Severe indigestion
Blood in the stool (indicating internal GI bleeding)
What do contrast studied help to detect?
Help detect:
Ulcers
Tumours
Inflammation of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
Hiatal hernias
Scarring
Blockages
Abnormalities of the muscular wall of GI tract
Anatomical problems such as intestinal malrotation (a twisting of a baby’s intestine)
What is an Oesophagram?
An examination of the pharynx (throat) and oesophagus using still and fluoroscopic X-ray images. The X-ray pictures are taken after the patient drinks a solution that coats and outlines the walls of the oesophagus (also called a barium swallow).
What is an Upper GI series?
A series of X-rays of the oesophagus, stomach, and small intestine (upper gastrointestinal, or GI, tract) that are taken after the patient drinks a barium solution. (Barium is a white, chalky substance that outlines the organs on the X-ray.)
What is small bowel or small intestine series?
A series of X-rays of the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine. - single contrast study (oral contrast, either barium or water-soluble contrast)
What is a barium enema/lower GI series?
A series of X-rays of the lower intestine (colon) and rectum that are taken after the patient is given an enema with a white, chalky solution that contains barium. The barium outlines the intestines on the X-rays. These X-rays permit the detection of colon and rectal abnormalities including diverticulosis, diverticulitis, abnormal colon movement, dilation (widening) of the colon, polyps and cancers of the colon and rectum. Air can be instilled into the colon along with the barium contrast medium to further define structures of the large bowel and rectum. Polyps and small cancers are more readily found using this method which is called an air contrast barium enema or a double-contrast barium enema. This is the only kind of barium enema that is appropriate for detecting colorectal polyps and potentially curable colorectal cancers.
