Ab/Ag Blood Groups Flashcards
What is step 1 of Immunochromatographic assay?
Ag binds to a labeled monoclonal Ab
What is step 2 of Immunochromatographic assay?
Immobilized antibody captures Ag-Ab complex
What is step 3 of Immunochromatographic assay?
The formation of the Ab-Ag-Ab sandwich causes a colored line to appear in the test zone
What is step 4 of Immunochromatographic assay?
Free monoclonal Ab binds to immobilized antiglobulin in the control zone
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein molecule, meaning that it has 4 polypeptide chains that are held together in a helical formation. One heme group is then associated with each chain protein chain. What is the composition of these protein chains?
2 alpha + 2 beta chains
True or False:
Type “O” cells added directly to a stain containing only “H” antigens will show agglutination.
False
Prior to DNA analysis, many forensic serology tests for bodily fluid identification relied heavily on an individual’s ______________________ status, or the ability to find one’s blood types in other body fluids (e.g. saliva/semen).
Secretor
Many forensic body fluid identification tests look for the activity of a specific enzyme. In contrast, antigen/antibody based tests simply look for the __________________ of a specific antigen/antibody molecule.
Presence
Blood essentially has two component parts: ________________ and ________________
Plasma and Cells
A person with only “A” antigens on their red blood cells would have ____________ antibodies in their serum.
B
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are obtained through different manufacturing processes. Both types of antibody will bind to a single, specific protein; however,
_________
antibodies will bind to many epitopes while
___________
antibodies will bind to only one epitope.
Polyclonal, monoclonal
Using the frequencies (%) below, what are the chances that a randomly chosen person from the general population would have type AB-negative blood?
ABO: A (42%), B (12%), AB (3%), O (43%)
Rh: + (85%), - (15%)
Answer = 1 in ______________________
222
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are obtained through different manufacturing processes. Both types of antibody will bind to a single, specific protein; however,
_________
antibodies are produced by collecting antiserum while
__________
antibodies are produced by collecting B cells and manufacturing hybridomas.
Polyclonal, Monoclonal
If a blood sample is exposed to anti-B and agglutination occurs, the person’s blood type could be…
B or AB
The ABO blood group system is fairly well-known by the general population, but it is not the only blood group typing system. List at least two additional blood group systems that can or have been used for forensic purposes.
Haptoglobin, Rhesus, Transferrin
What is an antigen?
Any substance that stimulates an immune response, A molecule that reacts with an antibody, Antigens can be molecules like proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc., A molecule that elicits antibody formation, Antigens can be found on the surface of a cell or can be secreted into bodily fluids (i.e. free-floating)
True or False:
The color/size of a bloodstain (i.e. the redder the stain) can be directly used to assess or estimate the quantity of the DNA that one should expect to obtain.
False
Using the frequencies (%) below, what percentage of the population can be excluded from having the blood type O+?
ABO: A (42%), B (12%), AB (3%), O (43%)
Rh: +(85%), -(15%)
63.45%
Monoclonal
one type of antibody that reacts with a single epitope of an antigen
Epitope
the molecular structure of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody
Bivalent
both antigen binding sites of the antibody can bind antigen at the same time
Monovalent
an antibody that can only bind one antigen at one binding site at a time
Multivalent
having more than one epitope
Polyclonal
a whole bunch of different antibodies that all bind to the same antigen but in different places
What is an antibody? (Check all that apply)
An immunoglobulin capable of binding to antigens and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, Proteins also known as immunoglobulins, Proteins produced by B cells as part of an immune reponse, Tetrameric proteins that consist of 2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds, Polypeptides linked by disulfide bonds to form a Y-shaped molecule
