A4 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phylum of this assessment?

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)

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2
Q

What are the two classes assessed?

A

Class. Birds (Aves)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)

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3
Q

What is the study of birds known as?

A

ornithology

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4
Q

Explain the external structure of birds.

A
  • warm blooded

additional structures:
- feathers (tail=equal ; flight=unequal)
- wings (forelimbs)
- scales (feet, legs)
- claws (talons)
- bill (beak)
- wishbone

overall body:
- loss of skeleton parts: no hand, no foot, no tail, no skull
- reorientated shoulder
- midified wrist
- enlarged sternum
- hollow bones
- pygostyle (fused tail)
- eyeline
- crown
- lone
- breast
- moustache
- rump
- flank

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5
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Class. Birds.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

  • complete
  • closed
  • mouth–> CLOACA

feel pray under sand

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6
Q

Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Birds.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

HEART:
- 4 chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
- left: oxygenated, higher pressure, thicker walls
- smaller bird = bigger heart
- bigger heart than mammals
- reach metabolic demand

BLOOD VESSELS:
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins

2 SYSTEMS:
- pulmonary circuit
- systematic circuit

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7
Q

Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Birds.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

SYRINX- vocal chord

9 airsacs:
- 1 clavicular
- 2 cervical
- 2 cranial thoracic
- 2 caudal thoracic
- 2 abdominal

controlled by the medulla oblongata

nares, trachea, lungs, bronchus, glottis, larynx,

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8
Q

Explain the nervous system of the Class. Birds.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

CNS:
- brain: medulla (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure), optic lobe, cerebellum (coordination), cerebrum (olfcatory lobe).
- spinal chord

PNS:
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- autonomic nerves
- ganglia
- sense organs

Sense Organs:
- Herbst Corpuscles (skin, beak, leg = touch receptors)
- Grandy Corpuscles (dermis of skin)
- Merkel Cells (featherless skin, beak, legs (dermis))

Vision:
- colour
- well
- binocular
- blind gap

Smell:
- limited
- small olfactory lobes

Taste:
- few taste buds

herbs, brandy, melville

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9
Q

Explain the excretory system of the Class. Birds.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

KIDNEYS
- 2 kidneys (3 lobes)
- ureter (cortex, medulla, loop of henle)
- gastrointestinal tract
- NO URINARY BLADDER!
- URIC ACID (urine –> urodeum in cloaca)

SALT GLANDS:
- excess water
- close to eyesball –> out by nostril

NO SWEAT GLANDS

LUNGS:
- water out by breathing

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10
Q

Explain the reproductory system of the Class. Birds.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

  • seperate sexes
  • internal fertilization

male:
- 2 testes (left>right)
- larger with increased mating
- infront of kidney

female:
- ovary (left, 1 produces eggs and reaches maturity)
- infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shellgland, uterus
- infront of kidney

out:
lay hard shelled eggs

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11
Q

Explain the coposition of an egg of the Class. Birds. Explain egg incubation.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

Hard shelled eggs (produced by…):
- shell (uterus/shell gland)
- membrane (isthmus)
- albumen (magnum)
- yolk (ovary)

Egg incubation:
- direct
- nests
- external sources (burried)

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12
Q

Explain bird feather formation.

A

dermal papilla
follicle
epidermal ridges
open down feather

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13
Q

State bird flight adaptations.

A
  • reduction of skeleton weight
  • fused clavicles
  • high metabolism
  • large airsacs
  • efficient digestive system (lots of food in a short time)
  • efficient respiratory system
  • efficient circulatory system
  • no urinary bladder (water conservation)
  • only 1 ovary
  • sex organs only functional during breeding season (breeding complete–>gonads regress)
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14
Q

What are the three orders of the Class. Birds?

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)

Order. Falconiformes
Order. Galliformes
Order. Passeriformes

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15
Q

Explain the Order. Falciniformes. State examples.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Falconiformes

  • live in all habitats
  • migratory species (have a preferred habitat)
  • predators

structure:
- strong, hook like beak
- sharp nails
- adherent feathers

eg.
- hawk
- owl
- eagle
- vulture
- falcon

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16
Q

Explain the Order. Galliformes? State examples.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Galliformes

  • worldwide distribution
  • arboreal/terrestrial (easy running, rarely in trees)
  • omnivores (insects, berries, buds)
  • ground nests

structure:
- chicken like appearance
- small/large body
- blunt wings (short and round)
- legs with 4 strong fingers (spudding)

eg.
- chicken
- partridge
- grouse

spudding=digging

17
Q

Explain the Order. Passeriformes? State examples.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Passeriformes

  • perching birds / passerines
  • riches species (66% of birds)
  • all terrestrial locations
  • omnivores (grains, fruit, insects, vertebrates)
  • live in trees
  • small birds

eg.
- warble, flucatcher, tit, thrush, treecreeper, wagtail, shrike

pirch=rest

18
Q

What is the difference between anamnia and amniota?

A

Anamnia:
- lower vertebrates: fish, amphibians
- eggs in water

Amniota:
- higher vertebrates: reptiles, birds, mammals
- egg with amnion
- eggs on land
- retain fertilized egg in mother

19
Q

What are the three groups (infraclass) of the Class. Mammalia?

A

Marsupials
Eutherians
Monotremes

20
Q

Explain the main features of Marsupials. State examples.

A

1) posess a pouch
- premature young reside after birth
- recieve milk
- develop

2) less complex placental connection
- young born at a very young age
- latch onto nipple in the pouch

eg.
- kangaroo
- koala
- bandicoot

21
Q

Explain the main features of Eutherians. State examples.

A

1) complex placental connection
- connects fetus to mother
- during gestation period

eg.
- carnivores
- anteaters
- aquatic mammals
- primates
- humans

22
Q

Explain the main features of Monotremes. What are the two families? State examples.

A

lay eggs:
- no birth to young
- leathery shell (like reptiles)

no teeth

1) Family Ornithorhynchidea
- bird beak
- eg. platupus

2) Family Tachyglossidae
- sticky tongue
- eg. echidnas (spiny anteaters)

23
Q

Explain the external structure of the Class. Mammals.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)

endothermic (regulate their own body temperature)

Skin:
- 2 layers: superficial non vascular epidermis, dermis/corium
- thermoregulation + nourishment of young (sweat glands)
- sensory organ: Ruffini corpuscle & Meissner corpuscle
- Ruffini corpuscle (pressure and vibration)
- Meissner corpuscle (touch)

Glands:
- sebaceous –> sebum (lipid mixture); hair, skin; water resistance & lubrication
- exocrine –> sweat. perspiration, water; absent in some
- apocrine –> scent glands; chemical communication (eg. skunk)
- mammary –> milk; nourish young

Hair:
- rod of cells + keratin
- skin cells = follicles
- eg. fur, whiskers, defensive quills
- insulation, protection, camouflage, sensory feedback

Horns:
true horns: grow continuously & are not shed
- keratin fibre horn (eg. rhino)
- hollow horn (eg. artidactyl)
- prong horn (eg. antelope)
- antler “velvet” (eg. raindeer)

Hoof, Claws, Nails

24
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Class. Mammals.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)

4 parts:
- injestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination

1) Oral Cavity:
- teeth: homodont/heterodont ; diphydont ; dental formula
- glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- saliva: mucus, immunoglobulins, lysozymes, salivary amylase, lipase

2) Pharynx: trachea, esophagus
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small Intestine
6) Large Intestine

Accessory Structures:
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gall Bladder

25
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Mammals (*Mammalia*) HEART: - 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles - atria recieve blood, ventricles pump blood - right: deoxygenated blood (--> lungs) - left: oxygenated blood (--> body) - 3 layers: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium 2 systems: - pulmanory circuit - systematic circuit
26
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Mammals (*Mammalia*) 1) Nasal Cavity: - air is warmed, humidified, and surveyed for particulates 2) Pharynx 3) Larynx 4) Trachea 5) Primary --> Secondary --> Tertiary Bronchi 6) Terminal Bronchioles 7) Respiratory Bronchioles 8) Alveolar Ducts 9) Alveolar Sacs - gas exchange occurs in capillaries + Diaphragm
27
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Mammals (*Mammalia*) 1) **CNS**: ***Brain**:* - large (compared to body size) - 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal - medulla oblongata, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus - cerebellum ***Spinal Chord*** 2) **PNS**: Nerves: - sympathetic / parasympathetic **Sound**: - outer ear --> middle ear --> tympanic membrane (inner ear) - **organ of Corti** (organ of sound transduction) - 3 bones: **Ossicles** transfer sound to the oval window - **Malleceus** (hammer); **Incus** (anvil); **Staples** (stirrup); *transmit vibrations* (tympanic membrane --> inner ear) **Vision**: - retina, cornea, optic nerve, optic disc - mascular region, fovea - types: *Binocular Vision (Stereoscopic)* eg. carnivores, calculate distance) *Side Vision (Peripheral)* 360 * eg. herbivores, pray
28
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Mammals (*Mammalia*) - **kidneys** - **ureter** - **urinary bladder** - **urethra** **nephron**- functional unit --> **URINE** Uteri types: - double uterus (rodents) - bicornuoate uterus (carnivores, ruminanats) (single all but 2 uterine horns) - simplex uterus (primates, bats)
29
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Mammals (*Mammalia*) - seperate sexes - internal fertilization
30
What are the three R's? What do they stand for?
1) **REPLACEMENT**: - methods *avoiding animal use* (eg. computer programs) 2) **REFINEMENT** - *modifications* of husbandry - enhance animal well being - eliminate/minimize pain 3) **REDUCTION** - *minimize numbers of animals* - maximize information obtained from a set number of animals - without more pain / distress
31
Explain the usage of mice in research. Explain mice biology.
**Research**: - 95% animals - biology, psychology, engeneering - find treatment and cure - behaviour, sensory, aging, nutrition, genetic studies **Why Mice?**: - small size - short lifespan - adaptability - low cost - genetic background - easy humanization (with tumors, immune cells, microbiome) **Biology**: - long loop of Henle - incisors and molars - same: stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon - no sweat glands - breed continuously (1:1 system / harem mating system) - sex: measure arogenital distance (male>female) - communicate via hormones - colourblind - poor eyesight - good hearing - good smell and taste - omnivores and coprophagic (feces)
32
Explain the usage of rats in research. Explain rat biology.
Research: - nutrition genetics, immunology, neurology, diseases, metabolic disease, behaviour - drug discovery, efficacy and toxicity Biology: - nocturnal species - social animals (in pairs) - wild chewing
33
Explain the usage of rabbits in research. Explain rabbit biology.
**Research**: - atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, ocular, immunology - production of polycolonal antibodies (higher volume of blood compared to otehr rodents) - surgical implantation of biomedical devices (larger body size) **Biology**: - thin and fragile skin - no pads on feet (covered with fur) - long ears (hearing & thermoregulation) (+ easy to sample blood) - no sweat glands (panting insufficient for thermoregulation) - small skeletal mass (8%) (back is prone to traumatic fracture) - teeth: open rooted (continue to grow and errupt their whole life) - large cecum and ceacal appendix (bacterial digestion) - colon: seperation of excreta (proximal, fusus, distal part) - anus! - social - nocturnal - dominance hierarchies (established behaviourally) - food: hay (80%), vehetables (10%), pellets (5%), fruits and treats (5%) - heat stressed: must be kept at lower temperatures Reproductive system: male: prepuce, scrotal sac + anus female: urogenital orfice + anus **Caecotrophy**: produce 2 types of droppings: - soft feces (rich in bacterial proteins) - hard feces