A4 Final Flashcards
What is the phylum of this assessment?
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
What are the two classes assessed?
Class. Birds (Aves)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
What is the study of birds known as?
ornithology
Explain the external structure of birds.
- warm blooded
additional structures:
- feathers (tail=equal ; flight=unequal)
- wings (forelimbs)
- scales (feet, legs)
- claws (talons)
- bill (beak)
- wishbone
overall body:
- loss of skeleton parts: no hand, no foot, no tail, no skull
- reorientated shoulder
- midified wrist
- enlarged sternum
- hollow bones
- pygostyle (fused tail)
- eyeline
- crown
- lone
- breast
- moustache
- rump
- flank
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Birds.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
- complete
- closed
- mouth–> CLOACA
feel pray under sand
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Birds.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
HEART:
- 4 chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
- left: oxygenated, higher pressure, thicker walls
- smaller bird = bigger heart
- bigger heart than mammals
- reach metabolic demand
BLOOD VESSELS:
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
2 SYSTEMS:
- pulmonary circuit
- systematic circuit
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Birds.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
SYRINX- vocal chord
9 airsacs:
- 1 clavicular
- 2 cervical
- 2 cranial thoracic
- 2 caudal thoracic
- 2 abdominal
controlled by the medulla oblongata
nares, trachea, lungs, bronchus, glottis, larynx,
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Birds.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
CNS:
- brain: medulla (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure), optic lobe, cerebellum (coordination), cerebrum (olfcatory lobe).
- spinal chord
PNS:
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- autonomic nerves
- ganglia
- sense organs
Sense Organs:
- Herbst Corpuscles (skin, beak, leg = touch receptors)
- Grandy Corpuscles (dermis of skin)
- Merkel Cells (featherless skin, beak, legs (dermis))
Vision:
- colour
- well
- binocular
- blind gap
Smell:
- limited
- small olfactory lobes
Taste:
- few taste buds
herbs, brandy, melville
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Birds.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
KIDNEYS
- 2 kidneys (3 lobes)
- ureter (cortex, medulla, loop of henle)
- gastrointestinal tract
- NO URINARY BLADDER!
- URIC ACID (urine –> urodeum in cloaca)
SALT GLANDS:
- excess water
- close to eyesball –> out by nostril
NO SWEAT GLANDS
LUNGS:
- water out by breathing
Explain the reproductory system of the Class. Birds.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
- seperate sexes
- internal fertilization
male:
- 2 testes (left>right)
- larger with increased mating
- infront of kidney
female:
- ovary (left, 1 produces eggs and reaches maturity)
- infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shellgland, uterus
- infront of kidney
out:
lay hard shelled eggs
Explain the coposition of an egg of the Class. Birds. Explain egg incubation.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Hard shelled eggs (produced by…):
- shell (uterus/shell gland)
- membrane (isthmus)
- albumen (magnum)
- yolk (ovary)
Egg incubation:
- direct
- nests
- external sources (burried)
Explain bird feather formation.
dermal papilla
follicle
epidermal ridges
open down feather
State bird flight adaptations.
- reduction of skeleton weight
- fused clavicles
- high metabolism
- large airsacs
- efficient digestive system (lots of food in a short time)
- efficient respiratory system
- efficient circulatory system
- no urinary bladder (water conservation)
- only 1 ovary
- sex organs only functional during breeding season (breeding complete–>gonads regress)
What are the three orders of the Class. Birds?
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Falconiformes
Order. Galliformes
Order. Passeriformes
Explain the Order. Falciniformes. State examples.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Falconiformes
- live in all habitats
- migratory species (have a preferred habitat)
- predators
structure:
- strong, hook like beak
- sharp nails
- adherent feathers
eg.
- hawk
- owl
- eagle
- vulture
- falcon
Explain the Order. Galliformes? State examples.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Galliformes
- worldwide distribution
- arboreal/terrestrial (easy running, rarely in trees)
- omnivores (insects, berries, buds)
- ground nests
structure:
- chicken like appearance
- small/large body
- blunt wings (short and round)
- legs with 4 strong fingers (spudding)
eg.
- chicken
- partridge
- grouse
spudding=digging
Explain the Order. Passeriformes? State examples.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Birds (Aves)
Order. Passeriformes
- perching birds / passerines
- riches species (66% of birds)
- all terrestrial locations
- omnivores (grains, fruit, insects, vertebrates)
- live in trees
- small birds
eg.
- warble, flucatcher, tit, thrush, treecreeper, wagtail, shrike
pirch=rest
What is the difference between anamnia and amniota?
Anamnia:
- lower vertebrates: fish, amphibians
- eggs in water
Amniota:
- higher vertebrates: reptiles, birds, mammals
- egg with amnion
- eggs on land
- retain fertilized egg in mother
What are the three groups (infraclass) of the Class. Mammalia?
Marsupials
Eutherians
Monotremes
Explain the main features of Marsupials. State examples.
1) posess a pouch
- premature young reside after birth
- recieve milk
- develop
2) less complex placental connection
- young born at a very young age
- latch onto nipple in the pouch
eg.
- kangaroo
- koala
- bandicoot
Explain the main features of Eutherians. State examples.
1) complex placental connection
- connects fetus to mother
- during gestation period
eg.
- carnivores
- anteaters
- aquatic mammals
- primates
- humans
Explain the main features of Monotremes. What are the two families? State examples.
lay eggs:
- no birth to young
- leathery shell (like reptiles)
no teeth
1) Family Ornithorhynchidea
- bird beak
- eg. platupus
2) Family Tachyglossidae
- sticky tongue
- eg. echidnas (spiny anteaters)
Explain the external structure of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
endothermic (regulate their own body temperature)
Skin:
- 2 layers: superficial non vascular epidermis, dermis/corium
- thermoregulation + nourishment of young (sweat glands)
- sensory organ: Ruffini corpuscle & Meissner corpuscle
- Ruffini corpuscle (pressure and vibration)
- Meissner corpuscle (touch)
Glands:
- sebaceous –> sebum (lipid mixture); hair, skin; water resistance & lubrication
- exocrine –> sweat. perspiration, water; absent in some
- apocrine –> scent glands; chemical communication (eg. skunk)
- mammary –> milk; nourish young
Hair:
- rod of cells + keratin
- skin cells = follicles
- eg. fur, whiskers, defensive quills
- insulation, protection, camouflage, sensory feedback
Horns:
true horns: grow continuously & are not shed
- keratin fibre horn (eg. rhino)
- hollow horn (eg. artidactyl)
- prong horn (eg. antelope)
- antler “velvet” (eg. raindeer)
Hoof, Claws, Nails
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
4 parts:
- injestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
1) Oral Cavity:
- teeth: homodont/heterodont ; diphydont ; dental formula
- glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- saliva: mucus, immunoglobulins, lysozymes, salivary amylase, lipase
2) Pharynx: trachea, esophagus
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small Intestine
6) Large Intestine
Accessory Structures:
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gall Bladder
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
HEART:
- 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
- atria recieve blood, ventricles pump blood
- right: deoxygenated blood (–> lungs)
- left: oxygenated blood (–> body)
- 3 layers: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
2 systems:
- pulmanory circuit
- systematic circuit
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
1) Nasal Cavity:
- air is warmed, humidified, and surveyed for particulates
2) Pharynx
3) Larynx
4) Trachea
5) Primary –> Secondary –> Tertiary Bronchi
6) Terminal Bronchioles
7) Respiratory Bronchioles
8) Alveolar Ducts
9) Alveolar Sacs
- gas exchange occurs in capillaries
+ Diaphragm
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
1) CNS:
Brain:
- large (compared to body size)
- 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
- medulla oblongata, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
- cerebellum
Spinal Chord
2) PNS:
Nerves:
- sympathetic / parasympathetic
Sound:
- outer ear –> middle ear –> tympanic membrane (inner ear)
- organ of Corti (organ of sound transduction)
- 3 bones: Ossicles transfer sound to the oval window
- Malleceus (hammer); Incus (anvil); Staples (stirrup); transmit vibrations (tympanic membrane –> inner ear)
Vision:
- retina, cornea, optic nerve, optic disc
- mascular region, fovea
- types:
Binocular Vision (Stereoscopic) eg. carnivores, calculate distance)
Side Vision (Peripheral) 360 * eg. herbivores, pray
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
- kidneys
- ureter
- urinary bladder
- urethra
nephron- functional unit
–> URINE
Uteri types:
- double uterus (rodents)
- bicornuoate uterus (carnivores, ruminanats) (single all but 2 uterine horns)
- simplex uterus (primates, bats)
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Mammals.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Mammals (Mammalia)
- seperate sexes
- internal fertilization
What are the three R’s? What do they stand for?
1) REPLACEMENT:
- methods avoiding animal use (eg. computer programs)
2) REFINEMENT
- modifications of husbandry
- enhance animal well being
- eliminate/minimize pain
3) REDUCTION
- minimize numbers of animals
- maximize information obtained from a set number of animals
- without more pain / distress
Explain the usage of mice in research. Explain mice biology.
Research:
- 95% animals
- biology, psychology, engeneering
- find treatment and cure
- behaviour, sensory, aging, nutrition, genetic studies
Why Mice?:
- small size
- short lifespan
- adaptability
- low cost
- genetic background
- easy humanization (with tumors, immune cells, microbiome)
Biology:
- long loop of Henle
- incisors and molars
- same: stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon
- no sweat glands
- breed continuously (1:1 system / harem mating system)
- sex: measure arogenital distance (male>female)
- communicate via hormones
- colourblind
- poor eyesight
- good hearing
- good smell and taste
- omnivores and coprophagic (feces)
Explain the usage of rats in research. Explain rat biology.
Research:
- nutrition genetics, immunology, neurology, diseases, metabolic disease, behaviour
- drug discovery, efficacy and toxicity
Biology:
- nocturnal species
- social animals (in pairs)
- wild chewing
Explain the usage of rabbits in research. Explain rabbit biology.
Research:
- atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, ocular, immunology
- production of polycolonal antibodies (higher volume of blood compared to otehr rodents)
- surgical implantation of biomedical devices (larger body size)
Biology:
- thin and fragile skin
- no pads on feet (covered with fur)
- long ears (hearing & thermoregulation) (+ easy to sample blood)
- no sweat glands (panting insufficient for thermoregulation)
- small skeletal mass (8%) (back is prone to traumatic fracture)
- teeth: open rooted (continue to grow and errupt their whole life)
- large cecum and ceacal appendix (bacterial digestion)
- colon: seperation of excreta (proximal, fusus, distal part)
- anus!
- social
- nocturnal
- dominance hierarchies (established behaviourally)
- food: hay (80%), vehetables (10%), pellets (5%), fruits and treats (5%)
- heat stressed: must be kept at lower temperatures
Reproductive system:
male: prepuce, scrotal sac + anus
female: urogenital orfice + anus
Caecotrophy:
produce 2 types of droppings:
- soft feces (rich in bacterial proteins)
- hard feces
