A1 Flashcards
What are the three phyla’s? Latin name?
Phylum: Flatworm (Plathyhelminthes)
Phylum: Roundworms (Nematoda)
Phylum: Segmented worms (Annelida)
flat- plate; round- nie ma co; seg-anal
What classes fall under flatworms (platyhelminthes)? Latin name?
1) Tapeworms (Cestoda)
2) Flukes (Trematoda)
tape- czesc
flu- trauma
What are the 4 types of Cestoda? What phylum?
Cestoda = Tape worm = Flatworm
1) Beef tapeworm (Taeniarhynchus saginatus)
2) Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium)
3) Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum)
4) Dog tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus)
What is the latin name of the beef tapeworm?
Taeniarhynchus saginatus
tajnie, saggin, cuss
What is the latin name of the pork tapeworm?
Taenia solium
tajnie solarium (swinie)
What is the latin name of the fish tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum
latem, 2 fit in the bathroom
What is the latin name of the dog tapeworm?
Echinococcus granulosus
What is special about the external structure of Taeniarhynchus saginatus? What length does it reach?
Taeniarhynchus saginatus = Beef tapeworm
- scolex: 4 suckers
- tegument (special ‘mitotriche covering’)
- 15-25 uterine branches (in 1 gravid proglottid)
- up to 10m in length
4 titties no hooks,
arm in ass = special covering
What two type of eggs are morphologically indistinguishable?
T. saginata and T. solium
Explain the main features of all Cestoda.
- scolex (head)
- strobilla (body)
- proglottid (1 segment) (immature -> mature -> gravid)
- flat body
- segmented body
- bilatteral symmetry
- well developed muscles
How do cestoda grow?
cestoda = tapeworm
- by adding new proglottids
What is special about the external structure of Taeniarhynchus solium? What length does it reach?
Taeniarhynchus solium = pork tapeworm
- scolex: 4 suckers + circle of hooks
- 5-10 uterine branches (1 gravid proglottid)
- grows up to 5m
swinia sie przyczepi
What is special about the external structure of Diphylloborium latum? What are the larvae called?
Diphylloborium latum = fish tapeworm
- scolex: elongated & spindle shaped, 2 suckers + bothrium=suctorial groove
- proglottids: wider than longer (“broad tapeworm”)
- larvae= coracidia
lato = core memories
bathroom=suck
What is special about the external structure of Echinococcus granulosus? What length does it reach?
Echinococcus granulosus = dog tapeworm
- scolex: 4 suckers + circle of hooks
- smallest tapeworm: 3 proglottids
similar to pork bc jest swinia dla psow
Explain the structure of the tapeworms digestive system.
no digestive system
Explain the structure of the tapeworms respiratory system.
no respiratory system
Explain the structure of the tapeworms circulatory system.
no circulatory system
What type of systems do Cestoda lack?
- respiratory
- digestive
- circulatory
Explain the nervous system of Cestoda.
Cestoda = tapeworm
- CEREBRAL GANGLION: main nerve, scolex
- smaler nerves emanate from the CEREBRAL GANGLION
- motor and sensory innerviation depends on the scolex complexity
- tachnoreceptors (touch)
- chemoreceptors (taste and smell)
- most nerve endings: cirrus, vagina, and genital pore
Explain the excretory system of Cestoda.
- very well developed
- PROTONEPHREDIA
- network of tubules (exterior pore on the surface of the body, and flame cell on the other end)
- bundles of flame cells
- flame cell: long cilia, beating function –> excretes excess water and body waste.
Explain the reproduction system of Cestoda.
- eggs are produced in the oldest proglottids of the tapeworm (gravid proglottids)
- the Cestoda eggs are excreted in feces, and transmitted to intermediate hosts
- HERMAPHRODITES (1+ testes and 1 ovary)
- genital pore (external opening)
- 2 types of fertilization: cross-fertilization and self fertilization (in hosts gut)
What is the name of the larvae of Cestoda?
Diphyllobothrium latum: coracidia
Taenia solium: cysticerci
Explain the life cycle of Taeniarhynchus saginatus. What is the infection called?
Taeniarhynchus saginatus = beef tapeworm
name: TAENIASIS
1) a human is infected by eating raw/undercooked BEEF containing CYSTICERCI.
2) cysticerci attach to gut wall and grow (< 10m) 3 months, small intestine.
3) GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS detach and exit through feces.
4) CATTLE injests proglottids. embryos (oncospheres) emerge from eggs. blood vessel –> skeletal muscle
5) develop into CYSTICERCI in skeletal muscle
6) cysticerci is injested by HUMANS
What is the intermediate and definite host of Taeniarhynchus saginatus? What type of infections do humans exhibit because of it?
intermediate- cattle
definite- humans
- adult: taeniasis
- larvae: does not occur!
What is the name of tapeworm larvae? What is the name of the embryos?
larvae = cysticerci
embryo = oncospheres
Explain the life cycle of Taenia solium (Taeniasis).
1) HUMAN is infected by eating raw/undercooked PORK containing CYSTICERCI larvae.
2) larvae attach to gut wall and grow (< 5m)
3) GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS detach and exit through feces.
4) PIGS injest proglottids. embryos (oncospheres) emerge from eggs. blood vessel –> skeletal muscle
5) develop into CYSTICERCI in skeletal muscle
6) cysticerci is injested by HUMANS
Explain the life cycle of Taenia solium (Cystercosis).
1) HUMAN injests GRAVID PROGLOTTID (worm egg) through not sanitary food/water or human feces
2) eggs hatch, ONCOSPHERES (embryos) emerge from eggs. small intestine –> blood vessel –> organs
3) oncospheres form CYSTICERCICI (+ larvae)
What is the intermediate and definite host of Taenia solium? What type of infections do humans exhibit because of it?
intermediate: PIG
final: HUMAN
dead-end (cystercosis): HUMAN
- adult: taeniasis
- larvae: cystercosis
What is the intermediate and definite host of Diphyllobothrium latum?
intermediate: carnivorous FISH
final: HUMAN (or any fish-eating mammal)
What is the intermediate, definite and dead end host of Echinococcus granulosus? What type of infections do humans exhibit because of it?
intermediate: SHEEP
final: DOG
dead-end: HUMAN
- adult: echinococcosis
- larvae: unilocular hydatid cyst disease
Explain the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum.
Diphyllobothrium latum = fish tapeworm
1) EGGS hatch in FRESHWATER –> free swimming larvae
2) CRUSTEANS (cyclops/diaptomus) injest larvae.
3) larvae develop into PROCEROID LARVAE.
4) crustean is injested by FISH. intestine –> skeletal muscle
5) HUMANS injest fish –> anemia, intestinal/biliary obstruction.
Explain the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus (Echinococcosis).
1) DOG contains an adult tapeworm. gravid proglottid transported: intestines –> feces
2) SHEEP injests eggs. ONCOSPHERE develops in the sheep’s small intestine, and moves into the lungs/liver/bones/brain.
3) oncosphere develops into a large fluid-filled HYDATID CYST.
4) slaughtered sheep are injested by dogs –> adult tapeworm in dog intestine.
Explain the life of Echinococcus granulosus (Unilocular Hydatid Cyst Disease)
1) DOG contains aduct tapeworm. gravid proglottid exits through feces.
2) CYSTICERCI (eggs) in human intestine –> ONCOSPHERES –> cysts
- human = dead end host
What is the difference between a mature proglottid and a gravid proglottid?
mature proglottid- 2 sexes (hermaphrodite).
gravid proglottid- no organs, only uterus with eggs present.
State the english name for Trematoda. What phylum does it belong to?
Trematoda - Flukes
Phylum. Flatworms (Plathyhelminthes)
Explain the external structure of flukes.
Fluke = Trematoda
- bilateral symmetry
- UNSEGMENTED
- distinct head and tail ends
- tripoblastic (3 distinct layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
- dorsoventrally flat
- oral and genital aperture. only ONE hole.
- NO ANUS! same opening for food and waste.
- NO BODY CAVITY! (except gut)
- gut is highly branched for all-around transport
Explain the digestive system of Trematoda.
- incomplete
- only 1 OPENING (mouth and anus)
- ENDODERMAL CELLS: single layer –> line gut for absorption & secrete enzymes in the gut/pharynx
- undigested food is egested through the mouth
( large species may have 1+ anal opening)
only puke with trauma, no eat
Explain the circulatory system of Trematoda.
no circulatory system.
- body systems must be flat
- gut has appropriate branching to ensure the diffusion of nutrients around the organism
Explain the respiratory system of Trematoda.
no respiratory system.
- respire by diffusion
- body must be flat
- flow of O2 and nutrients to parts of the organism (SIMPLE DIFFUSION)
- CO2 leaves the body by diffusion
Explain the nervous system of Trematoda.
- PRIMITIVE type
- anterior GANGLIA (nerve ring) = brain
- two nerve ganglia, one on either side of the esophagus
Explain the excretory system of Trematoda.
- PROTONEPHREDIA
- highly developed
- network of tubules
- exterior pore & flame cells (long cilia & beating function)
- excess water and waste egested through tubules
Explain the reproductive system of Trematoda.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
- cross fertilization
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
- self fertilizsation
- transversal bipartition (regenerative properties) (attach to substrate, induce constriction, divide)
HERMAPHRODITE
- both male and female reproductive organs in one organism
- highly developed
State an example of a Trematoda paracite.
Liver fluke
Explain the life cycle of the Liver Fluke.
1) HUMAN feces pass eggs into water.
2) free swimming MIRACIDIUM hatches from the egg and penetrates a SNAIL.
3) miracidium develops (SPOROCYSTS, RADIAE) finally forming CERCARIA.
4) cercaria exits the snail, and swim in water. contact aquatic vegetation, encyst and develop into METACERCARIA.
5) HUMANS injest metacarcaria. metacarcaria HATCH and and penetrate the INTESTINAL WALL. migration through the peritoneal cavity until contact with LIVER.
6) liver –> BILE DUCTS = develop into adult worms
What are the larvae of the Liver Fluke called? What is the intermediate and final host?
miracidium
intermediate host: SNAIL
final host: HUMAN (bile ducts)
What species fall under the Phylum. Nematoda?
Nematoda = Roundworm
1) Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
2) Trichina (Trichinella spiralis)
3) Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides)
enter biust–> very me cool + rizz
What is the latin name for “Pinworm”?
Enterobius vermicularis
What is the latin name for “Trichina”?
Trichinella spiralis
What is the latin name for “Ascaris”?
Ascaris lumbricoides
Explain the external structure of Nematoda.
Nematoda = Roundworms
- cylindrical
- tapered body
- bilateral symmetry
- unsegmented
- covered with tough, acellular covering
- TRIPOBLAST (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
- PSEUDOCELOMATE (derived from blastocoel (hollow space))
- <1m
Explain the digestive system of Nematoda.
- complete
- tubular aliementary canal (mouth, esophagus, midgut, anus)
- 2 openings (anterior extremity –> posterior extremity)
roundworm = fat = eats a lot
Explain the circulatory system of Nematoda.
no circulatory system
Explain the respiratory system of Nematoda.
no respiratory system
Explain the nervous system of Nematoda.
- NERVE RING around the pharynx (gives rise to dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve chords)
- nerves run through the whole body
- SENSORY PAPILLAE (sense organs, lips (anterior end).
Explain the excretory system of Nematoda.
- excretory canal
- runs longitudinally
- unites at the anterior end to form a single canal (2–>1)
- canal opens through an EXCRETORY PORE (ventral surface)
Explain the reproductive system of Nematoda.
- highly developed reproductive organs
- seperate sexes!
- female gonads: ovaries –> eggs
- male gonads: testes –> sperm
- female > male
- female has 2 holes
- male is curved and has an ejaculation duct and cloaca
Explain the locomotion of Nematoda.
- muscles contract and relax to produce undulating waves
- 4 bands (2 dorsolateral, 2 ventrolateral)
- circulatory muscles are absent
- only bend dorso-ventrally
Explain the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides.
Ascaris lumbricoides = Nematoda= Roundworm
1) adult ascaris live high in the SMALL INTESTINE (mucosa, muscular activity)
2) EGGS are deposited in the intestinal LUMEN
3) eggs exit by feces.
4) eggs EMBRYONATE in SOIL (3 weeks –> infectious)
5) eggs are injested, and hatch in the intestine.
6) penetrate intestinal mucosa, invade portal venules –> liver –> hepatic vein –> pulmonary capillaries (too big to pass)
7) coughed up –> swallowed –> upper intestine (complete maturation and mate)
NO INTERMEDIATE HOST
Explain the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis.
Trichinella spiralis = Nematoda= Roundworm
1) RAT (carrying trichinella larvae) is injected by PIG.
2) HUMANS injest undercooked/raw PIG.
3) Trichinella larvae is freed from cyst walls by GASTRIC ACID and passes into the small intestine.
4) larvae invade INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS and develop into adults.
5) small intestine –> striated muscle (enlarge and form cysts)
What is the intermediate and final host of Trichinella spiralis.
intermediate: rats/pigs
final: pig/human
rodents –> pigs –> humans
Explain the external structure of Enterobius vermicularis (female, male and eggs).
FEMALE:
- 10mm long
- cream coloured
- sharp pointed tail
MALE:
- 3mm long
- cream coloured
- centrally curled tail
EGGS:
- clear
- thin shelled
- ovoid
- 25-50 micrometers
Explain the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis.
Enterobius vermicularis = Pinworm
1) Adult worms are attached to mucosa of the CECUM.
- male inseminates the female
- female moves cecum –> colon –> anal canal
2) female deposits < 20000 eggs
3) eggs are moved to skin, linen, bedclothes. eggs –> fingers (injested)
4) eggs hatch in the intestine, cycle repeats.
What is the Latin name for the Phylum. Segmented worms?
Annelida
Explain the external structure of Annelida.
- metamerically segmented (METAMERES)
- bilateral symmetry
- body wall: outer circular muscle, inner longitudinal muscle
- outer cuticle: transparent and moist (Secreted by the epithelium)
- COELOM: well developed + divided by septa
- CEOLOMIC FLUID: supplies turgidity and forms the hydrostatic skeleton.
- CHITINOUS SATAE
ONLY ANNELIDA HAS CEOLOM!
Explain the digestive system of Annelida.
- COMPLETE digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, intestines, anus)
- may have CROP (storage pouch for food)
- GIZZARD (grinds and mashes food)
Explain the circulatory system of Annelida.
- CLOSED
- SEGMENTALLY arranged
- DUAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (coelomic fluid, closed circulatory system) –> carries food, waste and respiratory gases
- 5 HEARTS
- 5 main blood vessels (dorsal, ventral, subneutral, lateroneutral)
- respiratory pigments (heamoglobin, hemerythrin, chlorocmorin)
- AMEBOCYTES (in blood plasma)
Explain the respiratory system of Annelida.
no respiratory system.
(gas exchange must occur through skin)
Explain the nervous system of Annelida.
- DOUBLE ventral NERVE CHORDS
- PAIR of GANGLIA with lateral nerves (in each METAMERE)
- brain= pain of dorsal CEREBRAL GANGLIA with connectives to chord
- sensory system: tactile organs, taste buds, photoreceptors, eyes with lenses, statocysts.
aNNelida = double central nerve chords
Explain the excretory system of Annelida.
- pair of NEPHRIDIA / METANEPHRIDIA
- every metamere has own pair.
Explain the reproduction system of Annelida.
- HERMAPHRODITES (both male and female organs in one organism) –> produce sperm and eggs
- ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: budding (spiral cleavage, mosaid development)
- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: sperm must be exchanged (2 male openings, 2 sperm receptacles, 2 ovaries)
- CLITELLIUM forms a slime tube (fills with albuminous fluid)
- slime tube forms an EGG COCOON –> put in soil to develop
Explain the life cycle of Annelida.
1) sperm and egg fuse
2) slime tube (CLITELLUM) forms an EGG COCOON
3) egg cocoon is put in soil to develop (1 year)
LIFE SPAN: 2-5 years
