A2 Flashcards
What are the two phylums of this assessment? What are their latin names?
Phylum. Arthropods (Arthropoda)
Phylum. Molluscs (Mollusca)
What are the three classes of the Phylum. Molluscs? Latin names?
1) Class. Bivalves (Bivalvia)
2) Class. Snails and others (Gastropoda)
3) Class. Squids and Octopuses (Cephalopoda)
State examples of organisms in the Class. Bivalvia.
- mussels
- clams
- scalops
- oysters
- shipworms
State examples of organisms in the Class. Gastropoda.
- snails
- limpets
- slugs
- whelks
- lonchs
- periwinkles
State examples of organisms in the Class. Cephalopoda.
- squid
- octopus
- nautiluses
- devilfish
- cuttlefish
What is the external structure of the Phylum. Mollusca?
- bilateral symmetry
- unsegmented
- muscular foot (locomotion), mantle (gills+shell),
- celeom (around heart)
Explain the digestive system of the Phylum. Mollusca?
- COMPLEX
- radula (organ)
- anus
- CILIARY TRACT (internal and external)
Explain the circulatory system of the Phylum. Mollusca?
- OPEN
- HEART (3 chambers)
- blood vessels
- sinuses
- respiratory pigments (in blood)
Explain the respiratory system of the Phylum. Mollusca?
- GILLS
- LUNGS
- MANTLE/body surfaces
Explain the nervous system of the Phylum. Mollusca?
- PAIRED GANGLIA (cerebral, pleural, pedal, visceral)
- nerve chords
- supepidermal plexus
- GANGLIA=NERVE RING
- sensory organs (touch, smell, taste, vision, equillibrium)
Explain the excretory system of the Phylum. Mollusca?
- METANEPHRIDIA
- 1 or 2 kidneys
- open: pericardial cavity
- empty: mantle cavaity
Explain the external structure of the Class. Bivalvia?
- ABSENT: head, radula, cephalization
- BODY: muscular foot (burrowing and locomotion), visceral mass, 4 gills, mantle.
- MARINE organisms
- laterally compressed
- 2 valves linked by the HINGE LIGAMENT
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Bivalvia?
- SEDENTARY FILTER FEEDER
- respiratory currents (oxygen and organic material)
- cilliary currents (direct to gills)
GILLS:
- heavy food: dropped off
- light food: –> labial palps
FLOOR STOMACH:
- filter
- sort (ciliary tract)
remaining digestion:
- INTRACELLULAR
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Bivalvia?
- HEART (3 chambers –> 2 auricles + 1 ventricle)
- slow beats (6/min)
BLOOD:
- oxygenated: gills –> mantle –> auricle –> ventricle
- circulation: sinuses, kidneys
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Bivalvia?
GILLS:
- 1 gill
- 2 walls (vertical gill fillaments, chitinous rods)
MANTLE
- (water) small pores –> suprabranchial chamber –> excurrent aperture –> lamellar partitions
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Bivalvia?
GANGLIA:
- 3 pairs
- connected by comissures
- nervous system
POORLY DEVELOPED SENSE ORGANS:
- statocysts (foot)
- 2 osphradia (mantle cavity)
- tractile cells
- pigments (mantle)
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Bivalvia?
- KINDEYS
- NEPHRIDIAL TUBULES
- PRICARDIUM
- U-shaped
- below heart
- empty: mantle cavity
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Bivalvia?
SEPERATE SEX
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
- gamete (suprabrachial chamber –> exhalant current)
- EMPBRO –> TROCHOPHORE –> VELIGER –> SPAT
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
- freshwater clam
- EGGS (+sperm) –> bivalved glochidum LARVA stage (VELIGER) –> GLOCHIDA (fish paracyte)
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Bivalvia? Mussels?
1) glochidia larvae
2) fish host
3) juvenile mussles
4) adult mussel
Explain the external structure of the Class. Gatropoda?
- bilateral symmetry
- asymmetrical visceral mass
- shell: 1 piece (coiled or uncoiled) (apex & columella)
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Gastropoda?
COMPLEX:
- radula (organ)
- anus (–> mantle cavity)
- CILLIARY TRACT
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Gastropoda?
- OPEN
- HEART (3 chambers)
- blood vessels
- sinuses
- respiratory system
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Gastropoda?
GILL:
- in mantle cavity
- 2 in primitive prosobranchis
aquatic forms LACK GILLS:
- dependent on MANTLE & SKIN
- mantle (area serving as lungs)
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Gastropoda?
- PAIRED GANGLIA (cerebral, pleural, pedal, visceral)
- nerve chords
- supepidermal plexus
- GANGLIA=NERVE RING
- sensory organs (touch, smell, taste, vision, equillibrium)
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Gastropoda?
METANEPHRIDIA (1 or 2 kidneys)
- open: pericardial cavity
- empties: mantle cavity
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Gastropoda?
- dioecious & monoecious
- COURTSHIP CEREMONIES
- exchange spermatozoa (eject dart into partners body (excitation))
- EGGS burrowed in ground
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Gastropoda?
1) EGG
2) EMBRYO
3) TRONCOPHORE LARVA (swimming)
Explain the external structure of the Class. Cephalopoda?
HEAD-FOOTED
- foot (arm + tentacles)
- expel water from the mantle cavity
- forceful water exultion: locomotion
- 2 gills
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Cephalopoda?
- MARINE ACTIVE PREDATOR
- COMPLEX (radula, anus)
- ciliary tract
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Cephalopoda?
CLOSED
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Cephalopoda?
2 gills
except nautiloids
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Cephalopoda?
GANGLIA:
- centralized in a NERVE RING
- LARGE BRAIN
sensory organs:
- EYES (highly developed)
- larger STATOCYSTS
- NO HEARING (sense vibrations)
HORMONES:
- maintain body torus
- chemoreceptors
- tactile cells
except naulitus (eyes)
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Cephalopoda?
METANEPHRIDIA
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Cephalopoda?
- SEPERATE SEX
HECTOCOTYLUS (male arm):
- plucks spermatophophore from mantle cavity
- inserts spermatophore into woman mantle cavity (near oviduct)
Explain the communication of the Class. Cephalopoda?
- movement of arms
- colour changes
What are the three required classes of the Phylum. Arthropods?
1) Class. Crustaceans (Crustacea)
2) Class. Insects (Insecta)
3) Class. Archanids (Arachnida)
What are the two subclasses of the Class. Crustacea? What is the Phylum?
Phylum. Arthropods
Class. Crustaceans
1) Subclass. Malacostraca
2) Subclass. Branchiopoda
What are the two species of the Subclass. Branchiopoda?
1) Cyclops (Cyclops strenuus)
2) Water fleas (Daphnia pulex)
What are the species of the Subclass. Malacostraca?
- cray fish
- crab
- shrimp
- lobster
Explain the Subclass. Branchiopoda.
Phylum. Arthropods
Class. Crustaceans
Subclass. Branchiopoda (primitive crustacean)
4 orders:
- anostraca
- notostraca
- concostraca
- cladocera
- CARPACE on body (not on head!)
- reduced first antennae
- reduced maxillae
LEGS:
- flattened
- leaf like
- filter feeding
- locomotion
- respiratory organ
- FRESHWATER
REPRODUCTION:
- summer - only females - PARTHENOGENESIS
Explain the Subclass. Malacostraca. Sex differences?
Phylum. Arthropods
Subphylum. Branchiata
Class. Crustaceans
Subclass. Malacostraca
- 6 maxillipeds
- 10 walking legs
- 1st pair of legs: CHELAE (pincers)
MALE:
- 1st 4 swimmers: longer
- sperm transfer organs
- male genital openings
FEMALE:
- 1st 4 swimmers: unmodified
Explain the external structure of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- bilateral symmetry
divided body:
- head, thorax, abdomen
- cephalothorax, abdomen
cephalothorax:
- 13 appendages,
- eyes
abdomen:
- 6 appendages,
- segmented,
- telson (horizontal fin)
- hard shield CARPACE (b/w eyes and rostrum)
- EXOSKELETON
- joined appendages
- complex muscular system
- STERNITE, TERGITE, PLEURAE
- NO CILIA
AQUATIC:
- gills
- 4 antennae
- mandible
- 2 eyes
- 10 walking legs (1st pair=pincers)
State examples of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- crab
- lobster
- crayfish
- shrimp
Explain the digestive system of Subclass. Malocostraca.
COMPLETE:
- mouth parts adapted for feeding method (mandibles, maxillules (second pair of mouthparts) and maxillae)
Explain the circulatory system of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- OPEN
- heart (dorsal and contractile)
- arteries
- HEMOCOEL (blood sinuses)
Explain the respiratory system of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- gills
- trachea (air tubes)
- book lungs
Explain the nervous system of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- annelid plan
- BRAIN: ring, double nerve chain of ventral ganglia
- sensory organs
Explain the excretory system of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- coxal, antennal, maxillary glands
- paired extretory glands
- MALPHIGHIAN TUBULES
Explain the reproductive system of Subclass. Malocostraca.
SEPERATE SEXES
- reproductive organs and ducts
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
- oviparous
- ovoviviparous
Explain the life cycle of Subclass. Malocostraca.
- METAMORPHOSIS (most)
- PARTHENOGENESIS (few)
What is the subclass, order, and genus of the Class. Crustaceans. (to go into shrimp)
Subclass: MALACOSTRACA
Order: Decapoda
Genus: Shrimp, Lobster, Palinurus, Branchiobopa (primitive crusteans)
State examples of the Class. Archanids.
- scorpion
- pseudoscorpion
- harvestman
- aranae
- tick
- mite
ORDER
State facts about the order. True flies. What is the latin name?
True flies (Diptera)
- wings: transparent and 1 pair
- halters: modified hind pair of wings
- mouth: piercing and sucking
- complete metamorphosis
- prothorax and other thorax segments (fused)
- disease transmitter (malaria (vectors))
- larva (legless, grublike) –> pupa (free/covered)
What is the latin name for the Order. Sawflies, Wasps, Bees and Ants? State facts.
Order. Hymenoptera
- wings: coupled distally + subordinate hind wing
- mouth part: biting and lapping liquid
- oviposor: stinger / piercer / saw
- larva: blind and legless
- complete metamorphosis
What are the two actions undertaken by species for safety?
- mimesis
- thanatosis
thanatosis- fan of to sis
What is mimesis?
The mimicry of natural objects.
hide in plain sight
What is thanatosis?
A behaviour in which animals take on the appearance of being dead.
- adaptive behaviour
- also known as tonic immobility
- defence machanism
ACT DEAD
What are the three classes in the Phylum. Arthropods (Arthropoda)?
- Class. Insects (Insecta)
- Class. Archanids (Arachnida)
- Class. Crustaceans (Crustacea)
Explain the external structure of the Class. Insecta.
3 PARTS:
- head
- thorax (with 1 or 2 pairs of wings)
- abdomen (7 segments, open trachea tubules)
- 3 pairs of legs
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Insecta. What are the different forms of feeding?
COMPLETE:
- chewing
- chewing-sucking
- piercing-sucking
- sucking
- lapping
State examples of species which feed through the “CHEWING” method.
- beetle
- grasshopper
- acrididae
- dragonfly
- wasp
- cockroach
State examples of species which feed through the “CHEWING-SUCKING” method.
- bee
- bumblebee
State examples of species which feed through the “PIERCING-SUCKING” method.
- female mosquito
- louse
- bugs
State examples of species which feed through the “LAPPING” method.
- fly
State examples of species which feed through the “SUCKING” method.
- butterfly
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Insecta.
- OPEN
- Heart (dorsal)
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Insecta.
- TRACHEA
- BRANCHED TUBULES
- surface of body has STIGMATA/SPIRACLES
(ramify through every part)
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Insecta.
- GANGLIA
- nerve chords
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Insecta.
- MALPHIGIAN TUBULES
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Insecta.
- SEPERATE SEXES
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
- parthogenesis (no sperm fertilization)
- internal
- metamorphosis (through pupa stage)
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Insecta.
either complete of incomplete metamorphosis
Explain the complete metamorphosis life cycle of the Class. Insecta. State examples of species.
4 stages:
1) EGG
2) LARVA
- look different depending on feeding method
3) PUPA
- resting stage
- metamorphosis (changing shape)
4) ADULT
- eg. beetle, fly, bee, lacewing, butterfly, ant, caddis fly
Explain the incomplete metamorphosis life cycle of the Class. Insecta. State examples of species.
- no pupal stage
3 stages:
1) EGG
2) NYMPH
- early and late stage
- white
- no wings
- feeds on roots and plants
- sheds skin + grows
3) ADULT
- eg. cricket, tree bug, termite, grasshopper, cockroach
Explain the external structure of the Class. Archanida. State examples.
Phylum. Arthropoda
Class. Archanida
- eg. spider
ABSENT:
- antennae
- mandible
2 PARTS:
- cephalothorax
- abdomen
MOUTH: sucking
ADAPTATION: spinning glands
EYES: 8
LEGS (cephalothorax):
- 4 walking legs,
- 1 pedipalp (chewing)
- 1 chlicera (poisonous glands + terminal phangs)
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Archanida.
OUTSIDE the organism
- expels digestive enzymes
- sucks up predigested liquid tissue (SUCKING STOMACH)
- SUCKING STOMACH (main pump)
- gut
- branches of midgut
- abdomen
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Archanida.
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
- lacks blood and veins
- body is filled with HEAMOLYMPH
- HEAMOLYMPH is pumped through arteries into sinuses (surrounding internal organs)
spiders
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Archanida.
BOOK LUNGS:
- parellel air pockets (blood filled organ)
- air enters through a slit in the body wall
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Archanida.
- pair of NERVE CHORDS
- pair of GANGLIA (fusion=>BRAIN)
- 8 EYES (cephalothorax)
- SENSILLAE (joint slit) –> detect force + vibration
- sensor hair on tarsal organs
Explain the exretory system of the Class. Archanida.
- MALPHIGIAN TUBULES
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Archanida.
SEPERATE SEXES
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
- internal
- indirect (intermediate step= pedipalps)
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Archanida.
3 stages!
1) EGGS (develop inside a saclike structure)
2) SPIDERLINGS (undergo molts to reach adulthood)
3) ADULTS (lay eggs)
saclike structure protects eggs as they hatch into spiderlings
What is the latin name for the Order. Ticks? Explain their main features, exretory system, nervous system, reproductive system and life cycle.
Order. Ticks (Acari)
EXTERNAL STRCUTURE:
- cephalothorax + abdomen (fused)
- no division
- unsegmented
- walking legs (8)
- chelicera (2 joined)
- palp
- hyposome
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
- no eyes
EXCRETIORY SYSTEM:
- malphigian tubules
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
- seperate sexes
- fem: exoskeleton is seperate from body + grows 3x larger with blood
LIFE CYCLE:
- 4 stages
1) EGG
2) SIX LEGGED LARVA (winter –> small animal)
3) EIGHT LEGGED NYMPH (winter)
4) ADULT (summer –> large animal) (mate)
