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A2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two phylums of this assessment? What are their latin names?

A

Phylum. Arthropods (Arthropoda)
Phylum. Molluscs (Mollusca)

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2
Q

What are the three classes of the Phylum. Molluscs? Latin names?

A

1) Class. Bivalves (Bivalvia)
2) Class. Snails and others (Gastropoda)
3) Class. Squids and Octopuses (Cephalopoda)

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3
Q

State examples of organisms in the Class. Bivalvia.

A
  • mussels
  • clams
  • scalops
  • oysters
  • shipworms
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4
Q

State examples of organisms in the Class. Gastropoda.

A
  • snails
  • limpets
  • slugs
  • whelks
  • lonchs
  • periwinkles
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5
Q

State examples of organisms in the Class. Cephalopoda.

A
  • squid
  • octopus
  • nautiluses
  • devilfish
  • cuttlefish
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6
Q

What is the external structure of the Phylum. Mollusca?

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • unsegmented
  • muscular foot (locomotion), mantle (gills+shell),
  • celeom (around heart)
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7
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Phylum. Mollusca?

A
  • COMPLEX
  • radula (organ)
  • anus
  • CILIARY TRACT (internal and external)
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8
Q

Explain the circulatory system of the Phylum. Mollusca?

A
  • OPEN
  • HEART (3 chambers)
  • blood vessels
  • sinuses
  • respiratory pigments (in blood)
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9
Q

Explain the respiratory system of the Phylum. Mollusca?

A
  • GILLS
  • LUNGS
  • MANTLE/body surfaces
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10
Q

Explain the nervous system of the Phylum. Mollusca?

A
  • PAIRED GANGLIA (cerebral, pleural, pedal, visceral)
  • nerve chords
  • supepidermal plexus
  • GANGLIA=NERVE RING
  • sensory organs (touch, smell, taste, vision, equillibrium)
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11
Q

Explain the excretory system of the Phylum. Mollusca?

A
  • METANEPHRIDIA
  • 1 or 2 kidneys
  • open: pericardial cavity
  • empty: mantle cavaity
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12
Q

Explain the external structure of the Class. Bivalvia?

A
  • ABSENT: head, radula, cephalization
  • BODY: muscular foot (burrowing and locomotion), visceral mass, 4 gills, mantle.
  • MARINE organisms
  • laterally compressed
  • 2 valves linked by the HINGE LIGAMENT
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13
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Class. Bivalvia?

A
  • SEDENTARY FILTER FEEDER
  • respiratory currents (oxygen and organic material)
  • cilliary currents (direct to gills)

GILLS:
- heavy food: dropped off
- light food: –> labial palps

FLOOR STOMACH:
- filter
- sort (ciliary tract)

remaining digestion:
- INTRACELLULAR

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14
Q

Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Bivalvia?

A
  • HEART (3 chambers –> 2 auricles + 1 ventricle)
  • slow beats (6/min)

BLOOD:
- oxygenated: gills –> mantle –> auricle –> ventricle
- circulation: sinuses, kidneys

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15
Q

Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Bivalvia?

A

GILLS:
- 1 gill
- 2 walls (vertical gill fillaments, chitinous rods)

MANTLE

  • (water) small pores –> suprabranchial chamber –> excurrent aperture –> lamellar partitions
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16
Q

Explain the nervous system of the Class. Bivalvia?

A

GANGLIA:
- 3 pairs
- connected by comissures
- nervous system

POORLY DEVELOPED SENSE ORGANS:
- statocysts (foot)
- 2 osphradia (mantle cavity)
- tractile cells
- pigments (mantle)

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17
Q

Explain the excretory system of the Class. Bivalvia?

A
  • KINDEYS
  • NEPHRIDIAL TUBULES
  • PRICARDIUM
  • U-shaped
  • below heart
  • empty: mantle cavity
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18
Q

Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Bivalvia?

A

SEPERATE SEX

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
- gamete (suprabrachial chamber –> exhalant current)
- EMPBRO –> TROCHOPHORE –> VELIGER –> SPAT

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
- freshwater clam
- EGGS (+sperm) –> bivalved glochidum LARVA stage (VELIGER) –> GLOCHIDA (fish paracyte)

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19
Q

Explain the life cycle of the Class. Bivalvia? Mussels?

A

1) glochidia larvae
2) fish host
3) juvenile mussles
4) adult mussel

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20
Q

Explain the external structure of the Class. Gatropoda?

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • asymmetrical visceral mass
  • shell: 1 piece (coiled or uncoiled) (apex & columella)
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21
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Class. Gastropoda?

A

COMPLEX:
- radula (organ)
- anus (–> mantle cavity)

  • CILLIARY TRACT
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22
Q

Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Gastropoda?

A
  • OPEN
  • HEART (3 chambers)
  • blood vessels
  • sinuses
  • respiratory system
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23
Q

Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Gastropoda?

A

GILL:
- in mantle cavity
- 2 in primitive prosobranchis

aquatic forms LACK GILLS:
- dependent on MANTLE & SKIN
- mantle (area serving as lungs)

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24
Q

Explain the nervous system of the Class. Gastropoda?

A
  • PAIRED GANGLIA (cerebral, pleural, pedal, visceral)
  • nerve chords
  • supepidermal plexus
  • GANGLIA=NERVE RING
  • sensory organs (touch, smell, taste, vision, equillibrium)
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25
Explain the excretory system of the Class. *Gastropoda*?
METANEPHRIDIA (1 or 2 kidneys) - open: pericardial cavity - empties: mantle cavity
26
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. *Gastropoda*?
- dioecious & monoecious - COURTSHIP CEREMONIES - exchange spermatozoa (eject dart into partners body (excitation)) - EGGS burrowed in ground
27
Explain the life cycle of the Class. *Gastropoda*?
1) EGG 2) EMBRYO 3) TRONCOPHORE LARVA (swimming)
28
Explain the external structure of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
HEAD-FOOTED - foot (arm + tentacles) - expel water from the mantle cavity - forceful water exultion: locomotion - 2 gills
29
Explain the digestive system of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
- MARINE ACTIVE PREDATOR - COMPLEX (radula, anus) - ciliary tract
30
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
CLOSED
31
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
2 gills | except nautiloids
32
Explain the nervous system of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
GANGLIA: - centralized in a NERVE RING - LARGE BRAIN sensory organs: - EYES (highly developed) - larger STATOCYSTS - NO HEARING (sense vibrations) HORMONES: - maintain body torus - chemoreceptors - tactile cells | except naulitus (eyes)
33
Explain the excretory system of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
METANEPHRIDIA
34
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
- SEPERATE SEX HECTOCOTYLUS (male arm): - plucks spermatophophore from mantle cavity - inserts spermatophore into woman mantle cavity (near oviduct)
35
Explain the communication of the Class. *Cephalopoda*?
- movement of arms - colour changes
36
What are the three required classes of the Phylum. Arthropods?
1) Class. Crustaceans (*Crustacea*) 2) Class. Insects (*Insecta*) 3) Class. Archanids (*Arachnida*)
37
What are the two subclasses of the Class. *Crustacea*? What is the Phylum?
Phylum. Arthropods Class. Crustaceans 1) Subclass. Malacostraca 2) Subclass. Branchiopoda
38
What are the two species of the Subclass. *Branchiopoda*?
1) Cyclops (*Cyclops strenuus*) 2) Water fleas (*Daphnia pulex*)
39
What are the species of the Subclass. *Malacostraca*?
- cray fish - crab - shrimp - lobster
40
Explain the Subclass. *Branchiopoda*.
Phylum. Arthropods Class. Crustaceans Subclass. Branchiopoda (primitive crustacean) 4 orders: - anostraca - notostraca - concostraca - cladocera - CARPACE on body (not on head!) - reduced first antennae - reduced maxillae LEGS: - flattened - leaf like - filter feeding - locomotion - respiratory organ - FRESHWATER REPRODUCTION: - summer - only females - PARTHENOGENESIS
41
Explain the Subclass. *Malacostraca*. Sex differences?
Phylum. Arthropods Subphylum. Branchiata Class. Crustaceans Subclass. Malacostraca - 6 maxillipeds - 10 walking legs - 1st pair of legs: CHELAE (pincers) MALE: - 1st 4 swimmers: longer - sperm transfer organs - male genital openings FEMALE: - 1st 4 swimmers: unmodified
42
Explain the external structure of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- bilateral symmetry divided body: - head, thorax, abdomen - cephalothorax, abdomen cephalothorax: - 13 appendages, - eyes abdomen: - 6 appendages, - segmented, - telson (horizontal fin) - hard shield CARPACE (b/w eyes and rostrum) - EXOSKELETON - joined appendages - complex muscular system - STERNITE, TERGITE, PLEURAE - NO CILIA AQUATIC: - gills - 4 antennae - mandible - 2 eyes - 10 walking legs (1st pair=pincers)
43
State examples of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- crab - lobster - crayfish - shrimp
44
Explain the digestive system of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
COMPLETE: - mouth parts adapted for feeding method (mandibles, maxillules (second pair of mouthparts) and maxillae)
45
Explain the circulatory system of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- OPEN - heart (dorsal and contractile) - arteries - HEMOCOEL (blood sinuses)
46
Explain the respiratory system of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- gills - trachea (air tubes) - book lungs
47
Explain the nervous system of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- annelid plan - BRAIN: ring, double nerve chain of ventral ganglia - sensory organs
48
Explain the excretory system of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- coxal, antennal, maxillary glands - paired extretory glands - MALPHIGHIAN TUBULES
49
Explain the reproductive system of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
SEPERATE SEXES - reproductive organs and ducts INTERNAL FERTILIZATION: - oviparous - ovoviviparous
50
Explain the life cycle of Subclass. *Malocostraca*.
- METAMORPHOSIS (most) - PARTHENOGENESIS (few)
51
What is the subclass, order, and genus of the Class. Crustaceans. (to go into shrimp)
Subclass: MALACOSTRACA Order: Decapoda Genus: Shrimp, Lobster, Palinurus, Branchiobopa (primitive crusteans)
52
State examples of the Class. Archanids.
- scorpion - pseudoscorpion - harvestman - aranae - tick - mite | ORDER
53
State facts about the order. True flies. What is the latin name?
True flies (*Diptera*) - wings: transparent and 1 pair - halters: modified hind pair of wings - mouth: piercing and sucking - complete metamorphosis - prothorax and other thorax segments (fused) - disease transmitter (malaria (vectors)) - larva (legless, grublike) --> pupa (free/covered)
54
What is the latin name for the Order. Sawflies, Wasps, Bees and Ants? State facts.
Order. *Hymenoptera* - wings: coupled distally + subordinate hind wing - mouth part: biting and lapping liquid - oviposor: stinger / piercer / saw - larva: blind and legless - complete metamorphosis
55
What are the two actions undertaken by species for safety?
- mimesis - thanatosis | thanatosis- fan of to sis
56
What is mimesis?
The mimicry of natural objects. | hide in plain sight
57
What is thanatosis?
A behaviour in which animals take on the appearance of being dead. - adaptive behaviour - also known as tonic immobility - defence machanism | ACT DEAD
58
What are the three classes in the Phylum. Arthropods (*Arthropoda*)?
- Class. Insects (Insecta) - Class. Archanids (Arachnida) - Class. Crustaceans (Crustacea)
59
Explain the external structure of the Class. *Insecta*.
3 PARTS: - head - thorax (with 1 or 2 pairs of wings) - abdomen (7 segments, open trachea tubules) - 3 pairs of legs
60
Explain the digestive system of the Class. *Insecta*. What are the different forms of feeding?
COMPLETE: - chewing - chewing-sucking - piercing-sucking - sucking - lapping
61
State examples of species which feed through the "CHEWING" method.
- beetle - grasshopper - acrididae - dragonfly - wasp - cockroach
62
State examples of species which feed through the "CHEWING-SUCKING" method.
- bee - bumblebee
63
State examples of species which feed through the "PIERCING-SUCKING" method.
- female mosquito - louse - bugs
64
State examples of species which feed through the "LAPPING" method.
- fly
65
State examples of species which feed through the "SUCKING" method.
- butterfly
66
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. *Insecta*.
- OPEN - Heart (dorsal)
67
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. *Insecta*.
- TRACHEA - BRANCHED TUBULES - surface of body has STIGMATA/SPIRACLES (ramify through every part)
68
Explain the nervous system of the Class. *Insecta*.
- GANGLIA - nerve chords
69
Explain the excretory system of the Class. *Insecta*.
- MALPHIGIAN TUBULES
70
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. *Insecta*.
- SEPERATE SEXES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: - parthogenesis (no sperm fertilization) - internal - metamorphosis (through pupa stage)
71
Explain the life cycle of the Class. *Insecta*.
either complete of incomplete metamorphosis
72
Explain the complete metamorphosis life cycle of the Class. *Insecta*. State examples of species.
4 stages: 1) EGG 2) LARVA - look different depending on feeding method 3) PUPA - resting stage - metamorphosis (changing shape) 4) ADULT - eg. beetle, fly, bee, lacewing, butterfly, ant, caddis fly
73
Explain the incomplete metamorphosis life cycle of the Class. *Insecta*. State examples of species.
- no pupal stage 3 stages: 1) EGG 2) NYMPH - early and late stage - white - no wings - feeds on roots and plants - sheds skin + grows 3) ADULT - eg. cricket, tree bug, termite, grasshopper, cockroach
74
Explain the external structure of the Class. *Archanida*. State examples.
Phylum. *Arthropoda* Class. *Archanida* - eg. spider ABSENT: - antennae - mandible 2 PARTS: - cephalothorax - abdomen MOUTH: sucking ADAPTATION: spinning glands EYES: 8 LEGS (cephalothorax): - 4 walking legs, - 1 pedipalp (chewing) - 1 chlicera (poisonous glands + terminal phangs)
75
Explain the digestive system of the Class. *Archanida*.
OUTSIDE the organism - expels digestive enzymes - sucks up predigested liquid tissue (SUCKING STOMACH) - SUCKING STOMACH (main pump) - gut - branches of midgut - abdomen
76
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. *Archanida*.
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: - lacks blood and veins - body is filled with HEAMOLYMPH - HEAMOLYMPH is pumped through arteries into sinuses (surrounding internal organs) | spiders
77
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. *Archanida*.
BOOK LUNGS: - parellel air pockets (blood filled organ) - air enters through a slit in the body wall
78
Explain the nervous system of the Class. *Archanida*.
- pair of NERVE CHORDS - pair of GANGLIA (fusion=>BRAIN) - 8 EYES (cephalothorax) - SENSILLAE (joint slit) --> detect force + vibration - sensor hair on tarsal organs
79
Explain the exretory system of the Class. *Archanida*.
- MALPHIGIAN TUBULES
80
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. *Archanida*.
SEPERATE SEXES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: - internal - indirect (intermediate step= pedipalps)
81
Explain the life cycle of the Class. *Archanida*.
3 stages! 1) EGGS (develop inside a saclike structure) 2) SPIDERLINGS (undergo molts to reach adulthood) 3) ADULTS (lay eggs) | saclike structure protects eggs as they hatch into spiderlings
82
What is the latin name for the Order. Ticks? Explain their main features, exretory system, nervous system, reproductive system and life cycle.
Order. Ticks (*Acari*) EXTERNAL STRCUTURE: - cephalothorax + abdomen (fused) - no division - unsegmented - walking legs (8) - chelicera (2 joined) - palp - hyposome NERVOUS SYSTEM: - no eyes EXCRETIORY SYSTEM: - malphigian tubules REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: - seperate sexes - fem: exoskeleton is seperate from body + grows 3x larger with blood LIFE CYCLE: - 4 stages 1) EGG 2) SIX LEGGED LARVA (winter --> small animal) 3) EIGHT LEGGED NYMPH (winter) 4) ADULT (summer --> large animal) (mate)

Zoology S2 (4 decks)

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