Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Zoology S2 > A3 > Flashcards

A3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phylum assessed on this test?

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main features of the Phylum. Chordata?

A
  • ectotherms
  • bilateral symmetry
  • segmented body
  • tripoblastic (3 germ layers)
  • celeoms
  • nerve chord
  • endoskeleton (bony/cartilaginous)

additional structures:
- swimbladder (buyancy control)
- pharyngeal pouches
- pharyngeal gill splits
- notochord (stiffens body + acts as support)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the classes of the phylum. Chordates (this assessment)?

A

Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different subphylums of the Phylum. Chordata?

A

urochordata
cephalochordata
vertebrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the endostyle in vertebrates changed into?

A

thyroid
(endocrine gland in the neck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different types of vertebrates?

A

fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of vertebrates? What makes them different?

A

ANAMNIA:
- all fishes and amphibians
- lay their eggs in aquatic environments

AMNIOTA:
- reptiles, birds and mammals
- laying shelled eggs
- carrying fertilized eggs within the female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State examples of cartilaginous fishes. What is their latin name? Order or Phylum?

A

Phylum. Chordates
Class. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes)

  • shark
  • stingray
  • skate
  • sawfish
  • chimaera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State examples of bony fishes. What is their latin name? Order or Phylum?

A

Phylum. Chordates
Class. Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)

  • salmon
  • herring
  • carp
  • atlantic cod
  • goldfish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the systematics of amphibians.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)

Order. Salamanders (Urodela, Caudata)
Order. Frogs, Toads (Anura)
Order. Caecilians (Gymnophiona)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the external structure of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

Mouth:
- ventral
- jaw
- 2 olfactory sacs (closed)
- teeth

Skin:
- placoid scales
- mucous glands

Endoskeleton:
- cartilaginous
- notochord
- vertebrae (complete and seperated)
- girdle
- visceral skeleton

  • fatty liver (no swim bladder)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

COMPLETE:
- mouth –> cloaca
- ends in a cloaca
- J-shaped stomach
- intestine (with spiral valve)
- fatty liver (no swim bladder)
- gall bladder
- pancrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the circulatory system of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

CLOSED:
- heart (2 chambers)
- aortic branches, aorta, capillaries, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the respiratory system of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

GILLS:
- 5-7 pairs
- seperate
- exposed (no operculum)
- additional gill in head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the nervous system of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

Brain:
- 2 olfactory lobes
- 2 cerebrail hemispheres
- 2 optic lobes
- cerebellum

  • 20 cranial nerves
  • 6 semicircular canals

Ampullae of Lorenzini:
- sensory organs
- dark pores (snout)
- sensitive: electrical fields

Lateral Line:
- particle movement detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the excretory system of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

male: urinary duct
female:** uterus**

**Kidneys: **
- excretion
- osmoregulation

  • excrete urea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the reproductive system of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

Seperate Sexes
- paired gonads
- male: clasper (for internal fertilization)
- cloaca (reproductive duct opening): oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

Internal Fertilization:
- direct development

Eggs:
- in bundles
- swimming on the water surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the life cycle of the Class.Chondrichthyes

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

viviparous: young in placenta –> life
oviparous: –> eggs
ovoviviparous: eggs in placenta –> life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the external structure of the Class. Osteichthyes.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

Body:
- bony skeleton
- numerous vertebrae
- notochord parts
- homocercal tail
- gills
- swim bladder

Skin:
- dermal scales (ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid)
- mucous glands

Fins:
- median
- paired
- either from cartilage or bone

Mouth:
- jaw
- teeth
- olfactory sacs

no placoid scales!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the digestive system of the Class. Osteichthyes.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

Complete!
- mouth –> anus

no cloaca!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Osteichthyes.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

CLOSED:
- heart (2 chambers)

Blood:
- red, nucleated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Osteichthyes.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

GILLS:
- bony gill arches
- covered with operculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain the nervous system of the Class. Osteichthyes.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

Brain:
- small olfactory lobes
- cerebellum
- large optic lobe

5 parts (brain): (anterior–>posterior)
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon

  • 20 cranial nerves
  • 6 semicircular canals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain the excretory system of the Class. Osteichthyes.

A

Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

Kindeys:
- excretion
- osmoregulation

Gills:
- can diffuse waste

Excrete:
- urea
- ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. *Osteichthyes*.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata) Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) **Seperate Sexes**: - paired gonads **External Fertilization**: - different larve forms from adults!
26
Explain the life cycle of the Class. *Osteichthyes*.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata) Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) **eggs** **larva** (form different from adult) **fingerling** **juvenile** fish **adult** fish **spawning** adult fish (releasing/depositing eggs)
27
What are some examples of organisms in the Class. Amphibians?
- frog - salamander - axoloti - crecilian
28
Explain the external structure of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) - **ectothermic** - **vertebrate** **body**: - **2** parts: head and trunk - may have tail **skin** (for protection and respiration): - **moist** - thick - **no scales** feet: - no claws - **webbed**
29
Explain the digestive system of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) **COMPLETE**: - digestive tract - digestive glands - mouth --> anus --> **cloaca** **CLOACA**!
30
Explain the circulatory system of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) CLOSED: - **3 chambered heart** **DOUBLE** circulatory system: - systematic: heart to body - pulmocutaneous: heart to lungs
31
Explain the respiratory system of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) - **gills** - **lungs** - **skin** (must stay wet to absorb oxygen!)
32
Explain the nervous system of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) - **brain** (central) (**less developed**) - **spinal chord** - nerves - **all senses** - **smell nares**- internal & external | brain similar to fish
33
Explain the excretory system of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) - **skin** - **kidneys**, ureter, bladder - **cloaca** excrete: - **urea** (nitrogenous waste)
34
Explain the reproductive system of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) **EXTERNAL** fertilization: frogs (eggs in water) **INTERNAL** fertilization: salamanders and caecilians **METAMORPHOSIS** attraction by** CALLS/SCENTS** - fusion of egg (female ovary) with sperm (male testes)
35
Explain the life cycle of the Class.*Amphibia*.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) **anamniotic eggs**: - lack membranes - lack shells - must be layed in water (cannot dry out) **larva**: - tadpole - fish like **METAMORPHOSIS**: - loose tail - develop lungs - develop legs **terrestrial adult**
36
In the Class. Amphibians what unites to form the cloaca?
3 systems: - digestive - excretory - reproductive
37
Explain the external structure of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) **Epidermal Scales** (keratin) - protection againts water loss **4 parts**: - head - neck - trunk - tail **Ectothermic**: - live on dry land - tehrmoregulate body: - **lungs**! - **4 legs** (some legless) (more efficiently designed --> lard travel) - **tail** (longer than head and body combines) - **movable lower eyelids** - **ossified skeleton** - skull: 1 occipital condyle - **teeth**: poison - skeleton: **vertebra and ribs**
38
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) **COMPLETE**: - mouth--> anus - ends in **CLOACA**
39
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) - **CLOSED** Heart: - **3 chambered** most - **4 chambered** crocodile - **DOUBLE** circulatory system - higher blood pressure - blood flow direction can be changed (for dives)
40
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) **LUNGS**: - well developed - alveoli **BUCCAL PUMP** (swallow air) **CLOACA** (when diving)
41
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) **CNS**: - **brain** (well developed) - **spinal chord** **PNS**: - nerve tracts (12) - axons - optic lobes (dorsal side) - all senses | brain is more advanced than in amphibians
42
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) **Kindeys**: - small - 2 - advanced - water conserving - **lack Loop of Henle** (--> concentrated uric acid) **Ureters** (to exterior): - advances - colon helps in water absorption Excrete: - **uric acid**
43
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) - **SEXUAL** reproduction - **INTERNAL** fertilization - **SEPERATE** sexes eggs=shelled
44
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Reptiles. What are the eggs like?
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) eggs: - shelled - terrestrial (provide the embryo with food and protective membranes)
45
State examples of organisms in the Class. Reptiles.
- lizard - turtle - snake - dinosour - iguana - crocodile - chameleon - alligator - gecko
46
Explain the taxonomy of reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) Order. Turtles (*Chelonia, Testudines*) Order. Beak Headed Reptiles (*Rhynchocephalia*) Order. Scales Reptiles (*Squamata*) Order. Crocodiles (*Crocodilia*)
47
What are the four types of scales?
cycloid garoid cteroid placoid (cartilaginous fish)
48
Explain the external structure of the Order. Salamanders.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) Order. Salamanders (*Urodela, Caudata*) - **long tail** (loose tail for defence) - **4 limbs **(90 * ) - **moist skin** - ectotherms - found in all temperatures and tropics - terrestrial, aquatic, both - carnivorous
49
Explain the digestive system of the Order. Salamanders.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) Order. Salamanders (*Urodela, Caudata*) - low metabolic rate - limited body & energy requirements - **sticky tongue** - **small, sharp teeth** - carnivores
50
Explain the respiratory system of the Order. Salamanders.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) Order. Salamanders (*Urodela, Caudata*) - lack lungs **SKIN** - absorb O2, release CO2
51
Explain the reproductive system of the Order. Salamanders.
1) lay **eggs** in water --> swilling **larva** 2) **eggs** on land --> **minature adult** salamanders (no larva stage!) - **INTERNAL fertilization** - female picks up sperm packets deposited by males - female stays with eggs until hatching
52
What is the latin name for the Order. Frogs, Toads?
Order. *Anura*
53
Explain the external structure of the Order. Frogs, toads. Digestive system? Circulatory system?
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) Order. Frogs, toads (*Anura*) - **fused tailbone** (urostyle/coccyx) - **no tail** - forelimb < hindlimb - elongate ankle bones - **semipermeable skin** (sensitive to dehydration) (protection and respiration) - well developed vocal chords **2 parts**: - head - trunk **head**: - tympanic membrane, hictitating membrane, frontal organ, external nares) - live in dry land, water, underground, trees DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: - complete CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: - heart - 3 chambers - (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
54
Explain the respiratory system of the Order. Frogs, toads.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) Order. Frogs, toads (*Anura*) **GILLS**: - tadpoles - water breathers **SKIN + LUNGS**: - adults - metamorphosis
55
Explain the reproductive system of the Order. Frogs, toads. Excretory system? Nervous system?
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Amphibians (*Amphibia*) Order. Frogs, toads (*Anura*) REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: - **EXTERNAL** fertilization - **eggs** in **water** **egg --> tadpole --> adults** (metamorphosis) (aquatic larvae) **CLOACA** EXCRETORY SYSTEM: - kidneys - nephridia NERVOUS SYSTEM: - cerebellum - medulla - spinal chord - olfactory lobe - smell, sight, hearing - NO EARS! tympanic membrane
56
What are the amphibians of Lithuania?
2 caudata 11 anura species
57
State the Suborder. Snakes.
Order. Scaled Reptiles (*Squamata*) Suborder. Snakes (*Ophidia*)
58
What are the different types of snake poisons? State the name, what it does. State species examples.
**PROTEOLYTIC VENOM**: - *degrade tissue structures* - drastic changes where bite occurs - breaks down blood vessels and muscle tissue - eg. rattle snake, pit viper **HOMOTOXIC VENOM**: - *destroys red blood cells* - causes or prevents blood clotting - affects tissues and organs - very painful - (cardiovascular failure, loss of limb, internal bleeding) - slower (survive with correct medical attention) - eg. rattle snake, copper head **NEUROTOXIC VENOM**: - *impacts nervous system* - muscle paralysis, brain damage, loss of consciousness - not a lot of pain (sometimes unnoticed until symptoms) - eg. blackmamba, cobra, coral snake, sea snake, rattlesnake **CYTOTOXIC VENOM**: - *kills cells* - loss of limb, discabilities - not as deadly! - eg. cobra, elapsis
59
What is an extra structure of snakes?
Jacobson organ: smelling airborne chemicals
60
What reptiles live in Lithuania.
- vivaporous lizard - sand lizard - slow worm (legless lizard) - common european adder - grass snake (non venomous) - smooth snake - european pond turtle - red eyed slider
61
Explain the biology of lizards. Taxonomy, -therms, body, habitat, etc. | organism examples
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) Order. Scaled Reptiles (*Squamata*) Suborder. Lizards (*Lacertilia*) **ECTOTHERMS** : - cold blooded - none on antarctica! BODY: - **4 legs** - long body - tail: fragile, regeneratable (may look different) - eyelids - external ears - **4 parts**: head, neck, trunk, tail HABITAT: - trees - swimmers | eg. iguana, gecko
62
Explain the biology of turtles. Taxonomy, -therms, external structure, names, life cycle.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) Order. Turtles (*Chelonia, Testudines*) **ECTOTHERMS** EXTERNAL STRUCTURE : **bony, cartilaginous shell**: - ventral: *plastron* - dorsal: *carpace* (develops from ribs) - **no teeth** (horny mouth edges) NAMES: "*tortoise*"- land "*terrapin*"- water LIFE CYCLE: eggs (land, no parental care)
63
Explain the biology of crocodiles. Taxonomy, -therms, external structure, digestive system, circulatory system, excretory system, and reproductive system.
Phylum. Chordates (*Chordata*) Class. Reptiles (*Reptilia*) Order. Crocodile (*Crocodilia*) **ECTOTHERMS** EXTERNAL STRUCTURE : - **pentadactyle limbs** (5 fingers, 4 toes) - **tail** (long, laterally compressed) - skin (**horny scales + soft**) - **2 musk glands** (throat + cloaca lips) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: - **teeth** (***thecodont***- hollow, no roots) - **tongue** (flat and nonprotrusible) - glands (no salivary glands) - esophagus - stomach (gizzard) - gall bladder - cecum - **cloaca** (2 parts, muscular fold) CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: - **4 chambered heart** - **2** systems - **Foramen of Panizza** (mixes blood) EXCRETORY SYSTEM: - kidneys (lobed) - no urinary bladder REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: - **SEPERATE** sexes - **INTERNAL** fertilization - oval testes, elonged ovary - complex courtship - eggs in sand/holes --> young escorted to water

Zoology S2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions