A3 Flashcards
What is the phylum assessed on this test?
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
What are the main features of the Phylum. Chordata?
- ectotherms
- bilateral symmetry
- segmented body
- tripoblastic (3 germ layers)
- celeoms
- nerve chord
- endoskeleton (bony/cartilaginous)
additional structures:
- swimbladder (buyancy control)
- pharyngeal pouches
- pharyngeal gill splits
- notochord (stiffens body + acts as support)
What are the classes of the phylum. Chordates (this assessment)?
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
What are the different subphylums of the Phylum. Chordata?
urochordata
cephalochordata
vertebrata
What is the endostyle in vertebrates changed into?
thyroid
(endocrine gland in the neck)
What are the different types of vertebrates?
fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
What are the two types of vertebrates? What makes them different?
ANAMNIA:
- all fishes and amphibians
- lay their eggs in aquatic environments
AMNIOTA:
- reptiles, birds and mammals
- laying shelled eggs
- carrying fertilized eggs within the female
State examples of cartilaginous fishes. What is their latin name? Order or Phylum?
Phylum. Chordates
Class. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes)
- shark
- stingray
- skate
- sawfish
- chimaera
State examples of bony fishes. What is their latin name? Order or Phylum?
Phylum. Chordates
Class. Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)
- salmon
- herring
- carp
- atlantic cod
- goldfish
Explain the systematics of amphibians.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Salamanders (Urodela, Caudata)
Order. Frogs, Toads (Anura)
Order. Caecilians (Gymnophiona)
Explain the external structure of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
Mouth:
- ventral
- jaw
- 2 olfactory sacs (closed)
- teeth
Skin:
- placoid scales
- mucous glands
Endoskeleton:
- cartilaginous
- notochord
- vertebrae (complete and seperated)
- girdle
- visceral skeleton
- fatty liver (no swim bladder)
Explain the digestive system of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
COMPLETE:
- mouth –> cloaca
- ends in a cloaca
- J-shaped stomach
- intestine (with spiral valve)
- fatty liver (no swim bladder)
- gall bladder
- pancrease
Explain the circulatory system of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
CLOSED:
- heart (2 chambers)
- aortic branches, aorta, capillaries, veins
Explain the respiratory system of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
GILLS:
- 5-7 pairs
- seperate
- exposed (no operculum)
- additional gill in head
Explain the nervous system of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
Brain:
- 2 olfactory lobes
- 2 cerebrail hemispheres
- 2 optic lobes
- cerebellum
- 20 cranial nerves
- 6 semicircular canals
Ampullae of Lorenzini:
- sensory organs
- dark pores (snout)
- sensitive: electrical fields
Lateral Line:
- particle movement detection
Explain the excretory system of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
male: urinary duct
female:** uterus**
**Kidneys: **
- excretion
- osmoregulation
- excrete urea
Explain the reproductive system of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
Seperate Sexes
- paired gonads
- male: clasper (for internal fertilization)
- cloaca (reproductive duct opening): oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
Internal Fertilization:
- direct development
Eggs:
- in bundles
- swimming on the water surface
Explain the life cycle of the Class.Chondrichthyes
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
viviparous: young in placenta –> life
oviparous: –> eggs
ovoviviparous: eggs in placenta –> life
Explain the external structure of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Body:
- bony skeleton
- numerous vertebrae
- notochord parts
- homocercal tail
- gills
- swim bladder
Skin:
- dermal scales (ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid)
- mucous glands
Fins:
- median
- paired
- either from cartilage or bone
Mouth:
- jaw
- teeth
- olfactory sacs
no placoid scales!
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Complete!
- mouth –> anus
no cloaca!
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
CLOSED:
- heart (2 chambers)
Blood:
- red, nucleated cells
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
GILLS:
- bony gill arches
- covered with operculum
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Brain:
- small olfactory lobes
- cerebellum
- large optic lobe
5 parts (brain): (anterior–>posterior)
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
- 20 cranial nerves
- 6 semicircular canals
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Kindeys:
- excretion
- osmoregulation
Gills:
- can diffuse waste
Excrete:
- urea
- ammonia
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Seperate Sexes:
- paired gonads
External Fertilization:
- different larve forms from adults!
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Osteichthyes.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
eggs
larva (form different from adult)
fingerling
juvenile fish
adult fish
spawning adult fish (releasing/depositing eggs)
What are some examples of organisms in the Class. Amphibians?
- frog
- salamander
- axoloti
- crecilian
Explain the external structure of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
- ectothermic
- vertebrate
body:
- 2 parts: head and trunk
- may have tail
skin (for protection and respiration):
- moist
- thick
- no scales
feet:
- no claws
- webbed
Explain the digestive system of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
COMPLETE:
- digestive tract
- digestive glands
- mouth –> anus –> cloaca
CLOACA!
Explain the circulatory system of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
CLOSED:
- 3 chambered heart
DOUBLE circulatory system:
- systematic: heart to body
- pulmocutaneous: heart to lungs
Explain the respiratory system of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
- gills
- lungs
- skin (must stay wet to absorb oxygen!)
Explain the nervous system of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
- brain (central) (less developed)
- spinal chord
- nerves
- all senses
- smell nares- internal & external
brain similar to fish
Explain the excretory system of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
- skin
- kidneys, ureter, bladder
- cloaca
excrete:
- urea (nitrogenous waste)
Explain the reproductive system of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
EXTERNAL fertilization: frogs (eggs in water)
INTERNAL fertilization: salamanders and caecilians
METAMORPHOSIS
attraction by** CALLS/SCENTS**
- fusion of egg (female ovary) with sperm (male testes)
Explain the life cycle of the Class.Amphibia.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
anamniotic eggs:
- lack membranes
- lack shells
- must be layed in water (cannot dry out)
larva:
- tadpole
- fish like
METAMORPHOSIS:
- loose tail
- develop lungs
- develop legs
terrestrial adult
In the Class. Amphibians what unites to form the cloaca?
3 systems:
- digestive
- excretory
- reproductive
Explain the external structure of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
Epidermal Scales (keratin)
- protection againts water loss
4 parts:
- head
- neck
- trunk
- tail
Ectothermic:
- live on dry land
- tehrmoregulate
body:
- lungs!
- 4 legs (some legless) (more efficiently designed –> lard travel)
- tail (longer than head and body combines)
- movable lower eyelids
- ossified skeleton
- skull: 1 occipital condyle
- teeth: poison
- skeleton: vertebra and ribs
Explain the digestive system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
COMPLETE:
- mouth–> anus
- ends in CLOACA
Explain the circulatory system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
- CLOSED
Heart:
- 3 chambered most
- 4 chambered crocodile
- DOUBLE circulatory system
- higher blood pressure
- blood flow direction can be changed (for dives)
Explain the respiratory system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
LUNGS:
- well developed
- alveoli
BUCCAL PUMP (swallow air)
CLOACA (when diving)
Explain the nervous system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
CNS:
- brain (well developed)
- spinal chord
PNS:
- nerve tracts (12)
- axons
- optic lobes (dorsal side)
- all senses
brain is more advanced than in amphibians
Explain the excretory system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
Kindeys:
- small
- 2
- advanced
- water conserving
- lack Loop of Henle (–> concentrated uric acid)
Ureters (to exterior):
- advances
- colon helps in water absorption
Excrete:
- uric acid
Explain the reproductive system of the Class. Reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
- SEXUAL reproduction
- INTERNAL fertilization
- SEPERATE sexes
eggs=shelled
Explain the life cycle of the Class. Reptiles. What are the eggs like?
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
eggs:
- shelled
- terrestrial
(provide the embryo with food and protective membranes)
State examples of organisms in the Class. Reptiles.
- lizard
- turtle
- snake
- dinosour
- iguana
- crocodile
- chameleon
- alligator
- gecko
Explain the taxonomy of reptiles.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
Order. Turtles (Chelonia, Testudines)
Order. Beak Headed Reptiles (Rhynchocephalia)
Order. Scales Reptiles (Squamata)
Order. Crocodiles (Crocodilia)
What are the four types of scales?
cycloid
garoid
cteroid
placoid (cartilaginous fish)
Explain the external structure of the Order. Salamanders.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Salamanders (Urodela, Caudata)
- long tail (loose tail for defence)
- **4 limbs **(90 * )
- moist skin
- ectotherms
- found in all temperatures and tropics
- terrestrial, aquatic, both
- carnivorous
Explain the digestive system of the Order. Salamanders.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Salamanders (Urodela, Caudata)
- low metabolic rate
- limited body & energy requirements
- sticky tongue
- small, sharp teeth
- carnivores
Explain the respiratory system of the Order. Salamanders.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Salamanders (Urodela, Caudata)
- lack lungs
SKIN
- absorb O2, release CO2
Explain the reproductive system of the Order. Salamanders.
1) lay eggs in water –> swilling larva
2) eggs on land –> minature adult salamanders
(no larva stage!)
- INTERNAL fertilization
- female picks up sperm packets deposited by males
- female stays with eggs until hatching
What is the latin name for the Order. Frogs, Toads?
Order. Anura
Explain the external structure of the Order. Frogs, toads.
Digestive system?
Circulatory system?
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Frogs, toads (Anura)
- fused tailbone (urostyle/coccyx)
- no tail
- forelimb < hindlimb
- elongate ankle bones
- semipermeable skin (sensitive to dehydration) (protection and respiration)
- well developed vocal chords
2 parts:
- head
- trunk
head:
- tympanic membrane, hictitating membrane, frontal organ, external nares)
- live in dry land, water, underground, trees
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
- complete
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
- heart
- 3 chambers
- (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
Explain the respiratory system of the Order. Frogs, toads.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Frogs, toads (Anura)
GILLS:
- tadpoles
- water breathers
SKIN + LUNGS:
- adults
- metamorphosis
Explain the reproductive system of the Order. Frogs, toads. Excretory system? Nervous system?
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Amphibians (Amphibia)
Order. Frogs, toads (Anura)
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
- EXTERNAL fertilization
- eggs in water
egg –> tadpole –> adults
(metamorphosis)
(aquatic larvae)
CLOACA
EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
- kidneys
- nephridia
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal chord
- olfactory lobe
- smell, sight, hearing
- NO EARS! tympanic membrane
What are the amphibians of Lithuania?
2 caudata
11 anura species
State the Suborder. Snakes.
Order. Scaled Reptiles (Squamata)
Suborder. Snakes (Ophidia)
What are the different types of snake poisons? State the name, what it does. State species examples.
PROTEOLYTIC VENOM:
- degrade tissue structures
- drastic changes where bite occurs
- breaks down blood vessels and muscle tissue
- eg. rattle snake, pit viper
HOMOTOXIC VENOM:
- destroys red blood cells
- causes or prevents blood clotting
- affects tissues and organs
- very painful
- (cardiovascular failure, loss of limb, internal bleeding)
- slower (survive with correct medical attention)
- eg. rattle snake, copper head
NEUROTOXIC VENOM:
- impacts nervous system
- muscle paralysis, brain damage, loss of consciousness
- not a lot of pain (sometimes unnoticed until symptoms)
- eg. blackmamba, cobra, coral snake, sea snake, rattlesnake
CYTOTOXIC VENOM:
- kills cells
- loss of limb, discabilities
- not as deadly!
- eg. cobra, elapsis
What is an extra structure of snakes?
Jacobson organ:
smelling airborne chemicals
What reptiles live in Lithuania.
- vivaporous lizard
- sand lizard
- slow worm (legless lizard)
- common european adder
- grass snake (non venomous)
- smooth snake
- european pond turtle
- red eyed slider
Explain the biology of lizards. Taxonomy, -therms, body, habitat, etc.
organism examples
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
Order. Scaled Reptiles (Squamata)
Suborder. Lizards (Lacertilia)
ECTOTHERMS :
- cold blooded
- none on antarctica!
BODY:
- 4 legs
- long body
- tail: fragile, regeneratable (may look different)
- eyelids
- external ears
- 4 parts: head, neck, trunk, tail
HABITAT:
- trees
- swimmers
eg. iguana, gecko
Explain the biology of turtles. Taxonomy, -therms, external structure, names, life cycle.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
Order. Turtles (Chelonia, Testudines)
ECTOTHERMS
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE :
bony, cartilaginous shell:
- ventral: plastron
- dorsal: carpace (develops from ribs)
- no teeth (horny mouth edges)
NAMES:
“tortoise”- land
“terrapin”- water
LIFE CYCLE:
eggs (land, no parental care)
Explain the biology of crocodiles. Taxonomy, -therms, external structure, digestive system, circulatory system, excretory system, and reproductive system.
Phylum. Chordates (Chordata)
Class. Reptiles (Reptilia)
Order. Crocodile (Crocodilia)
ECTOTHERMS
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE :
- pentadactyle limbs (5 fingers, 4 toes)
- tail (long, laterally compressed)
- skin (horny scales + soft)
- 2 musk glands (throat + cloaca lips)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
- teeth (thecodont- hollow, no roots)
- tongue (flat and nonprotrusible)
- glands (no salivary glands)
- esophagus
- stomach (gizzard)
- gall bladder
- cecum
- cloaca (2 parts, muscular fold)
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
- 4 chambered heart
- 2 systems
- Foramen of Panizza (mixes blood)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
- kidneys (lobed)
- no urinary bladder
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
- SEPERATE sexes
- INTERNAL fertilization
- oval testes, elonged ovary
- complex courtship
- eggs in sand/holes –> young escorted to water
