A3 Nervous System Flashcards
Where does the pons relay signals?
From the forebrain to the cerebellum
Define a myotome.
A specific group or compartment of muscles innervated by a spinal nerve level.
Major function(s) of the parietal lobe.
Sensory information (location) Movement in 3D
Describe the general organization of the nervous system.
The central nervous system is composed of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is composed of the somatic and the autonomic nervous system.
Which fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
longitudinal cerebral fissure
Major function(s) of the frontal lobe.
Movement Executive function (making decisions)
What is the function of the pons?
nuclei that control facial expression, body equilibrium and posture, pneumotaxic center for breathing
Describe the ratio of white matter to grey matter in the brain.
The interior of the brain is largely composed of white matter which contains the axons that form pathways. The exterior of the brain is composed of grey matter which contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and neuroglia.
What structures are located in the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thamalus
Name the two branches of the autonomic nervous system.
parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
Where is the dorsal root ganglion located?
within the dorsal root
Distinguish between the dorrsal and ventral rami.
The dorsal rami innervates the deep back muscles and the skin and the ventral rami innervates everything else.
Describe the receiving and sending of fibers in the left hemisphere of the brain.
Receives afferent fibers and send efferent fibers to the right side of the body.
Explain what is meant by a mixed nerve.
Dorsal and ventral roots combine to form a spinal nerve which divides into the dorsal and ventral rami that has both afferent and efferent information.
What is the function of the midbrain?
vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake cycle, and consciousness
What can happen once pre-ganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic chain?
- Synapse with post-ganglionic neurons.
2. Pass through to the pre-vertebral ganglia and synapse with post-ganglionic neurons.
What structures lie within the brainstem?
medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons
Decreased respiration. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
Describe the ratio of white and grey matter in the spinal cord.
White matter is located on the outer portion of the spinal cord and grey matter is central; in the horns.
Describe the thalamus.
collection of nuclei that function to process information coming in through the cerebral cortex and motor information to the body.
Slower digestion. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
What does the hypothalamus release?
major endocrine hormones
What is the lateral sulcus also known as?
Sylvian fissure
What is the brain composed of?
composed of grey matter and white matter
Major function(s) of the temporal lobe.
Hearing, smell, and memory.
Visual recognition of faces and languages.
Takes information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Function of the corpus callosum
white matter bridge between the L and R hemispheres; communication
Describe the receiving and sending of fibers in the right hemisphere of the brain.
Receives afferent fibers and send efferent fibers to the left side of the body.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Movement precision and balance
It receives sensory information from the spinal cord and motor input from the brain and integrates
Describe the spinal cord.
It is a long rod of nervous tissue that serves as the communication pathway.
Distinguish between dorsal and ventral roots.
Dorsal roots contain afferent fibers that travel up the spinal cord.
Ventral roots contain efferent fibers that travel down the spinal cord.
What is the function of the medulla (oblongata)?
nuclei that regulates blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
Define a dermatome.
A specific segment of skin innervated by a spinal nerve level.
Decreased heart rate.
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
What are the components of the central nervous system?
brain, brainstem, and spinal cord
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the spinal cord
Where do signals for the autonomic nervous system start?
hypothalamus
Increased respiration. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
Faster digestion.
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
Major function(s) of the occipital lobe.
vision
Function of the central sulcus
along of the surface of the cerebral cortex
separates the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex
Increase in heart rate. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
Describe the pituitary gland.
Produces and secretes hormones when it receives signals from the hypothalamus
Where is the internal capsule located?
inferiomedial part of the brain
Function of the internal capsul
carries information past the basal ganglia; highway to and from cerebral cortex
Describe the somatic nervous system.
afferent/sensory nerves that carry information from the periphery to cell bodies
AND
motor/efferent nerves that carry information from cell bodies to NMJ
Identify the major lobes of the brain.
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Function of the lateral sulcus
Division of frontal and temporal lobe
Describe the hypothalamus.
Functions to regulate body temperature, eating, drinking, and the sleep/wake cycle
What does the brainstem do?
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
The autonomic nervous system can be described as a relay. Explain.
It is a relay of preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons.
