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a level english language > A01 terminology > Flashcards

A01 terminology Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

abstract nouns

A

refer to ideas that only exist in the mind

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2
Q

accent

A

the distinct pronunciation patterns in groups of people

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3
Q

accommodation

A

where a speaker adopts another speaker’s accent, dialect or sociolect

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4
Q

acronomy

A

abbreviation using the first letter of a group of words and pronounced as a single word e.g. NASA, OPEC, RAM

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5
Q

active voice

A

clause construction where the subject is also the actor (they are doing or have done something to somebody/something)

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6
Q

adjacency pair

A

a pair of utterances in a conversation that go together (greeting and reply, question and answer, etc.)

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7
Q

adjective

A

a word that modifies the noun (e.g. the ORANGE sky)

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8
Q

adverb

A

a word that modifies the verb telling you how, where or when an action takes place; can also modify adjectives, telling you how much (e.g. I am REALLY delighted)

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9
Q

adverbial

A

words, phrases or clauses which act as adverbs and which identify where, when and how when modifying the verb

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10
Q

affordance

A

linguistic and behavioural choices provided by technology

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11
Q

agenda setting

A

where a speaker sets up the main topic of conversation

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12
Q

analogical overextension

A

associating objects which are unrelated but which have one or more features in common (e.g. both being the same colour)

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13
Q

anchored relationship

A

an online relationship where two participants know each other in the offline world

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14
Q

article

A

a determiner such as ‘a’ or ‘the’

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15
Q

asymmetrical power

A

an imbalance of power between people

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16
Q

asynchronous

A

unlike synchronous, there is a delay between utterance and response, responses posted on a forum, which may occur months or even years after the original post, are an example of discourse that is asynchronous

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17
Q

audience

A

the person or people reading or hearing the text

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18
Q

auxiliary verb

A

assists the main verb; primary auxiliary verbs do, have and be denote changes of tense

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19
Q

avatar

A

an image used by a user that accompanies a username

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20
Q

backchanelling

A

supportive terms such as ‘oh’ and ‘really’

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21
Q

bald on-record

A

where a speaker is completely blunt and direct (e.g. ‘sit down!’)

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22
Q

bias

A

a form of prejudice in favour of or against an idea, person or group, expressed through languages/images and so on. It can take obvious or implicit forms, or a mixture of the two, and can arise from what is omitted as well as what is stated or shown

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23
Q

bidialectalism

A

a speaker’s ability to use two dialects of the same language

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24
Q

categorical overextension

A

the most commonly occurring form of overextension in a child’s language, and relates to confusing a hypernym (broad category e.g. fruit) with a hyponym (specific example)

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25
Q

catenative

A

chain-like structure in a sentence (‘so we…and then…and then we…’)

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26
Q

chaining

A

a speaker responds and sets up the other speaker’s next utterance in a chain that runs past an adjacency pair

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27
Q

child-directed speech (CDS)

A

speech patterns used by parents and carers when communicating with young children

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28
Q

clause

A

a structural unit that contains at least one subject and one verb - it can include other features as well such as object, complement and adverbial

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29
Q

closer

A

spoken expressions that are designed to close

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30
Q

codification

A

a process of standardizing language

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31
Q

cohesion

A

the many parts of a text that help to draw it together into a recognisable whole (for example, the headline, picture and caption in a news article will all have words/images that link together in terms of the meaning and subject matter of the article

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32
Q

collocation

A

two or more words that are often found together in a group or phrase with a distinct meaning (e.g. ‘over the top’, ‘fish and chips’, ‘back to front’)

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33
Q

comparative adjective

A

the form of an adjective that designates comparison between two things, generally by adding the suffix -er to its base form (e.g. ‘this is a FASTER car’)

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34
Q

complement

A

a clause element that tells you more about the subject or object

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35
Q

complex sentence

A

has two or more clauses, one of which is a subordinate clause

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36
Q

compound

A

a word formed from two other words (e.g. ‘dustbin’)

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37
Q

compound sentence

A

has two or more clauses, usually joined to the main clause by the conjunctions ‘and’ or ‘but’ and depends on the main clause to exist

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38
Q

compound-complex sentence

A

a sentence that has three or more clauses, one of which will be a subordinate clause and one of which will be a coordinate clause

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39
Q

concrete nouns

A

refer to things we touch or can experience physically (e.g. snow, butter)

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40
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest grammatical unit

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41
Q

free morpheme

A

a morpheme that can stand on its own as a word

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42
Q

affix (bound morpheme)

A

a morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word, but combines with others to create a new word

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43
Q

phrase

A

a group of words centred around a head word

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44
Q

head word

A

the central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (e.g. noun phrase, adjective phrase) and may be modified by other words

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45
Q

modification

A

the adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word in a phrase either before it (pre modification) or after it (post modification)

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46
Q

clause

A

a group of words centred around a verb, which may either be grammatically complete (main clause) or incomplete (subordinate clause)

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47
Q

active voice

A

a clause where the agent (doer) of an action is the subject

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48
Q

passive voice

A

a clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out

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49
Q

tense

A

how the time of an event is marked (usually through verb inflection): past, present and future

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50
Q

aspect

A

another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed)

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51
Q

coordination

A

the joining of two or more independent clauses via coordination conjunctions, single word and longer phrases can also be coordinated

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52
Q

subordination

A

the joining of two or more phrases where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others dependent (subordinate clauses)

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53
Q

sentence

A

a larger unit of meaning , which may be formed of a single clause (simple sentence), or several clauses (compound or complex sentences), minor sentences are sentences without a verb

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54
Q

sentence function

A

the purpose a sentence fulfils in communication: as a statement, question, command or exclamation. These are also referred to as declaratives, interrogatives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives

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55
Q

word class

A

the grammatical category into which words can be placed, including noun, adjective, verb, adverb, determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction

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56
Q

Adverb of manner

A

(-ly), tells you how an action occurred

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57
Q

Preposition

A

Connects a noun/pronoun to a verb or adjective (time/place/direction)

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58
Q

Modal auxiliary

A

Subclass of auxiliary verbs, they express modality e.g. must, should, can

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59
Q

Noun phrase

A

A noun accompanied by pre or post modifiers

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60
Q

Imperative verb

A

Command

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61
Q

Abstract noun

A

The name of thing that is not physical e.g a feeling or emotion

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62
Q

Concrete noun

A

The name of a physical object

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63
Q

Superlative adjective

A

Expresses the largest extent of something

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64
Q

Pronoun

A

Identifies the subject

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65
Q

Declarative sentence

A

Statement

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66
Q

Conditioning

A

The process by which humans are taught or trained to respond and learn by positive enforcement (e.g. praise from an adult) for whatever is deemed to be appropriate learning within that specific context - for choosing a correct word or for politeness

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67
Q

conjunction

A

a word that joins clauses together

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68
Q

connotation

A

the associated meanings we have with certain words, depending on the person reading or hearing the word, and on the context in which the word appears

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69
Q

consonant clusters

A

groups of consonants (e.g. str or gl) that demand more muscular control than single consonants or vowels, so tend to appear later in the baby’s utterances

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70
Q

constraints

A

linguistic and behavioural restrictions provided by technology

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71
Q

context

A

where when and how a text is produced or received

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72
Q

convergence

A

where a speaker moves towards another speaker’s accent, dialect or sociolect

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73
Q

cooing

A

sounds a baby will make like ‘goo’ and ‘ga-ga’ generally around the age of 6-8 weeks, it is believed that during this period the child is discovering their vocal chords

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74
Q

coordinate clause

A

a clause beginning with a coordinating conjunction and is essentially a main clause joined to another main clause

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75
Q

coordinating conjunction

A

signal the start of a coordinating clause

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76
Q

copular verb

A

a verb that takes a complement (such as seems, appears or a form of the verb to be - is, was, are etc.)

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77
Q

corpus

A

a collection of written texts

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78
Q

covert prestige

A

describes high social status through the use of non standard forms (small group)

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79
Q

declarative

A

a statement - a type of sentence which gives more information and where the subject typically comes in front of the verb (two fish were in the tank)

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80
Q

definite article

A

the

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81
Q

deixis

A

terms that point towards something and place the words in context

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82
Q

what are examples of temporal deixis?

A

the day before, the previous week, the next day, yesterday, last week, tomorrow, this week, today, now

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83
Q

what are examples of spatial deixis?

A

over there, yonder, there, that, those, here, this, these

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84
Q

what are examples of personal deixis?

A

they, their, it, its, she, her, his, he , you, your, I, me, we, us

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85
Q

denotation

A

the literal, generally accepted definition of a word

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86
Q

determiner

A

words determining the number or status of the noun (e.g. definite article, indefinite articles ‘a and an’, demonstratives ‘this that these those’, pronouns and possessives, quantifiers ‘a few, too much, many’, numbers)

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87
Q

dialect

A

a non standard variety of language, including lexis and grammar, particular to a region

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88
Q

direct object

A

the part of the clause that is directly acted upon by the subject

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89
Q

discourse

A

describes the structure of any text (or segment of text) that is longer than a single sentence

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90
Q

discourse markers

A

marks a change in an extended piece of written or spoken text (e.g. nevertheless, to sum up etc.)

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91
Q

dismissal formula

A

a device used to close a conversation

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92
Q

dispreferred response

A

a response that is unexpected, although not necessarily rude if phrased appropriately (e.g. Speaker A: dinners ready at 7/ Speaker B: Not dinner, I’ve only just had breakfast)

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93
Q

divergence

A

where a speaker actively distances himself/herself from another speaker by accentuating their own accent or dialect

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94
Q

downward convergence

A

making your accent or lexis more informal

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95
Q

estuary English

A

a dialect of English that is perceived to have spread outwards from London along the South East of England, it has features of RP and London English

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96
Q

Etymology

A

the history of a word, including the language it came from, if appropriate, and when it began to be regularly used

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97
Q

exophoric reference

A

a reference to something, often cultural, beyond the text

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98
Q

extra-linguistic variables

A

factors that affect the way you speak (e.g. age, where you live, etc.)

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99
Q

feral children

A

children who are raised without human intervention

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100
Q

field

A

words used in a text which relate to the text’s subject matter

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101
Q

flouts a maxim

A

where someone obviously does not obey the conversational maxims that have been suggested by Grice

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102
Q

formality

A

describes the degree to which texts stick to certain conventions and how impersonal they are, the more spoken features a text has the more informal it will tend to be

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103
Q

framing

A

controlling the agenda of the conversation (its direction and subject), or making utterances that encourage a child to fill in the blanks

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104
Q

French/Latinate lexis

A

words derived from French or Latin, or both that are more rarely used; often seen as having a higher status, and/or being more specialist

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105
Q

genre

A

the kind of text you have in front of you (advert,speech,song)

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106
Q

gestural

A

a way of communicating that relates to movement and/or body language, either instead of words or (as would be likely in a multi modal media text) in addition to them

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107
Q

glottal stops

A

a form of stop consonant made at the back of the throat to replace the t sound

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108
Q

grammar

A

the building blocks of sentences (words, phrases, clauses, etc.) and how they go together to mean something to the reader or the listener

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109
Q

grammarian

A

a scholar of grammar

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110
Q

grapheme-phoneme relationship

A

the correspondence between the written shape of a letter and its sound

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111
Q

head noun

A

the main noun at the centre of a noun phrase

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112
Q

high-frequency lexis

A

words that appear often in everyday speech

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113
Q

holophrase

A

a single word representing a more complex thought generally created by a child, for example the word juice may be used to signify ‘i want some juice’ - in this context juice would be a holophrase, up is another example often signalling please lift me up or i want to get up

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114
Q

hospitality token

A

a polite utterance relating to context designed to put speakers at their ease

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115
Q

hyperlink

A

an electronic link embedded in a text that takes the reader to another website

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116
Q

hypernym

A

categories e.g. pets, vehicles and sweets

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117
Q

hyponym

A

examples within categories e.g. pony, truck and sherbet lemons

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5
Perfectly
118
Q

idiom

A

a form of common non-literal expression e.g. ‘I was dead on my feet’

119
Q

idiolect

A

your own individual way of speaking

120
Q

illocutionary act

A

implying something in what we say

121
Q

imperative

A

a command - a type of sentence where the subject is usually left out and the verb is in its bare form (‘Give the hat to me’)

122
Q

indirect object

A

receives the action

123
Q

inflection

A

an ending such as -ed, -s or -ing added to change a tense or number, or in the case of nouns to make it plural

124
Q

infographic

A

a graphical format which can also be animated to display information e.g. in mini blogs

125
Q

initialism

A

abbreviation using the first letter of a group of words and pronounced separately e.g. FBI, CIA, DVD

126
Q

interrogative

A

a question - a type of sentence indicated by swapping round of subject and verb (‘are you happy?’ rather than ‘you are happy’), by the use of question words (who, what, where, when, how), or by the use of a question mark (you’re coming by train?)

127
Q

intertextuality/intertextual reference

A

a subtle reference to another text that helps to create a sense of shared context and can operate on a pragmatic level, creating a sense of imagined closeness between writer and reader

128
Q

intonation

A

the pitch (how high or low you are in your vocal range)

129
Q

irregular verbs

A

change their form when changing from present to past tense (e.g. swim/swam)

130
Q

isogloss

A

the divisions that linguists draw between regions according to different dialects

131
Q

juxtaposition

A

the placement of two contrasting ideas or things next to each other

132
Q

labelling

A

the process of attaching words to object; as the child learns more about the world their capacity to connect words with an increasing range of objects grows

133
Q

left branching sentence

A

has the subordinate clause or clauses before the main clause

134
Q

lexical field

A

identifies the main subject matter of a text e.g. food in a recipe, money in an article on economics

135
Q

lexicon

A

the vocabulary of a language

136
Q

lexis

A

words and their origins

137
Q

linear

A

a text in which the discourse is organised into some sort of sequence e.g. a narrative with a beginning, middle and end, there may be an implied expectation that the reader will read the text in the order in which it appears

138
Q

loanword

A

an English word that has come into use having been borrowed from another language

139
Q

locutionary act

A

saying something

140
Q

low-frequency lexis

A

words that appear more rarely such as specialist terms for a field e.g. medicine

141
Q

main clause

A

a clause that can stand on its own grammatically

142
Q

main verb

A

the verb that carries the main meaning or process in a verb phrase (and therefore in a clause/sentence)

143
Q

mainstream dialect

A

the dialect that spans the whole English nation

144
Q

manner

A

used to express how formal or informal a text is

145
Q

manner maxim

A

a co-operative principle relating to what you say so that you avoid being obscure or ambiguous and be orderly

146
Q

marked

A

refers to words that are ascribed less prestige than the standard or unmarked form (e.g. gendered terms such as goddess and ladette)

147
Q

metatalk

A

explicit talk about grammar and language

148
Q

minor sentence

A

a sentence that has some missing elements, such as the subject or the verb, making it technically ungrammatical

149
Q

mixed mode

A

features of speech and writing in the same text

150
Q

modal auxiliary verb

A

a sub category of auxiliary verb that expresses degrees of possibility, probability, necessity or obligation

151
Q

mode

A

texts can be in spoken mode (e.g. spontaneous conversation between friends) or written mode (e.g. an English essay) or mixed mode (e.g. a political speech will be written but delivered as a speech)

152
Q

modification

A

description in the form of words, phrases or whole clauses that alters our understanding of the ting being described

153
Q

modifier

A

any word that describes a noun (can be an adjective, adverb or noun)

154
Q

morphological derivation

A

the process of creating a new word out of an old word or affix (e.g. the suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs - nice becomes nicely)

155
Q

multimodal

A

a text that uses more than one mode; often used for texts that have a combination of text and images

156
Q

negative face

A

our desire to avoid doing something we don’t want to do, such as giving money to a stranger, this is part of Goffman’s ideas about face

157
Q

negative politeness

A

a more indirect, hedged approach, often using negative constructions (e.g. ‘You couldn’t take the bin out for me, could you?’ ) This is linked to theories of face

158
Q

neologism

A

a newly formed or coined word

159
Q

network building

A

having labelled objects, children start to identify connections between them, recognising similarities and differences

160
Q

neutral comment

A

speaker makes a comment on something neutral in the surroundings such as the weather

161
Q

nonce formation

A

a ‘nonsense’ new word that is created for a special occasion (e.g. just before lunch ‘feeling hungryish’ might be used)

162
Q

non-finite subordinate clause

A

clauses in which the verb is not ‘finished’ and the tense is therefore not shown (e.g. clauses with to- infinitives like ‘to buy some cheese’ or with an -ing form of the verb such as in ‘running down the road’)

163
Q

non-linear

A

a text with no expected sequence for reading - the cohesion may be less obvious and this may be reflected in the layout (e.g. more use may be made of features such as text boxes and hyperlinks than if the text was linear)

164
Q

noun phrase

A

a group of words with a noun at the centre of it

165
Q

nouns

A

words which name people, places, things, ideas and concepts

166
Q

number homophones

A

where numbers are used to replace all or part of a word whose sound they resemble, usually within the context of an electronic text (e.g. 2 for to or gr8 for great)

167
Q

object

A

this normally receives the action and comes after the verb

168
Q

object permanence

A

the ability of a baby to recognise that an object still exists even when they cannot actually see it, thus it requires the capacity to form a mental representation of the object

169
Q

off record

A

in conversation where no threat is made to someone’s face (‘this room’s pretty messy isn’t it’)

170
Q

orthographical

A

the methodology for writing a language including features such as spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, etc

171
Q

orthography

A

the spelling convention of a language

172
Q

other-related comment

A

speaker comments about another speaker (e.g. ‘you look like you need a drink’)

173
Q

overextension

A

widening the meaning of a word so that it extends to apply not just to the actual object but also to other objects with similar properties or functions

174
Q

over-generalisation

A

the over application of rules about the formation of words

175
Q

overt prestige

A

refers to a dialect used by a culturally powerful group

176
Q

pace

A

the speed at which you talk

177
Q

packaging

A

in trying to ascertain the boundaries of the label the child sometimes confuses hypernyms and hyponyms, giving rise to over and under extensions

178
Q

passive voice

A

clause construction where the subject is not the actor (they have had or are having something done to them)

179
Q

periodic sentence

A

a complex sentence in which the main clause is saved until the end (e.g. ‘the minister, who was usually late in the mornings, except on those occasions when she had been working all night, was already at her desk’)

180
Q

perlocutionary act

A

what happens in response to what is said (i.e. what is understood)

181
Q

phatic talk

A

speech which is really just designed to maintain social relationships and does not carry a significant meaning, often used to start a conversation (e.g. ‘hi there (.) how are you?’)

182
Q

phonemic contraction

A

the sounds a child can make are reduced so that they can only make the sounds of their own language

183
Q

phonemic expansion

A

an increase in the variety of sounds a child can produce

184
Q

phonetics

A

the study of how we produce particular sounds (e.g. ‘t’ and ‘d’ are stop consonants, produced by stopping the flow of air at the alveolar ridge, just behind the top teeth)

185
Q

phonology

A

the study of the sound system in the language and the effects of its particular features (i.e. looking at consonants, vowels, rhythms, stresses, pace)

186
Q

polysemic

A

describes a word with more than one meaning (e.g. set can refer to a set of cutlery, a tennis set, what happens to jelly and so on)

187
Q

polysemy

A

many meanings in a word

188
Q

positive face

A

our need to maintain self-esteem, positive face is threatened when we are criticised in any way

189
Q

positive reinforcement

A

when a behaviour is rewarded and therefore encouraged to be repeated

190
Q

possessive determiner

A

determiner which shows who the noun belongs to (e.g. my book)

191
Q

positive politeness

A

an informal approach that assumes the other party will agree (‘I think that just about wraps it up, don’t you?’) this is linked to theories of face

192
Q

post-modified

A

the modification that comes after the head noun (or after a phrase or clause)

193
Q

post-telegraphic stage

A

in the post telegraphic stage, the child’s early reliance on lexical (content) words gradually expands to include auxiliaries, prepositions, and articles, e.g. ‘Mummy car’ evolves to ‘Mummy is in the car’, timing of this shift varies but 30 months approximately is likely

194
Q

pragmatic failure

A

where the meaning that is implied is not the meaning that is understood by the listener

195
Q

pragmatics

A

what we really mean by what we say or write in a given context OR can refer to the contextual aspects of language use

196
Q

predicate overextension

A

conveying meaning that relates to absence (e.g. making the utterance ‘cat’ when looking at the cat’s empty bed)

197
Q

pre modified

A

modification that comes before the head noun (or before a phrase or clause)

198
Q

preposition

A

a word which shows how elements in a sentence or clause relate to each other in time or space

199
Q

pre-start

A

a word or phrase made to clear the air before a turn begins (e.g. ‘well…’)

200
Q

primary verbs

A

be, have, do

201
Q

privation

A

the absence of social relationships

202
Q

productive vocabulary

A

the term used to describe the words a person (not necessarily a child) is able to use, either in speech or writing

203
Q

pronoun

A

a word which stands in place of a noun or noun phrase (usually used to avoid repetition of the noun)

204
Q

proper nouns

A

words for specific people or places (e.g. Swindon)

205
Q

prosodics

A

how we use rhythm, stress, intonation and pace in speech to create particular effects

206
Q

proto-words

A

clusters of sounds (e.g. da) that represent the baby’s attempt to articulate specific words when their motor coordination is still in early stages of development

207
Q

pun

A

a play on words, often using multiple meanings of words for effect (e.g. ‘A man walks into a bar “ouch!”’)

208
Q

purpose

A

describes why the text was produced or uttered (to entertain, to persuade, to inform, to advice etc.)

209
Q

quality maxim

A

a cooperative principle that requires that you do not say what you believe to be false

210
Q

quantity maxim

A

a cooperative principle that requires you are careful in what you say, be just as informative as needed and no more

211
Q

recasting

A

the rephrasing and expanding of a child’s utterance

212
Q

received pronunciation (RP)

A

a prestige form of English pronunciation

213
Q

receptive vocabulary

A

relates to words a person recognises/understands and is likely to be larger than their productive vocabulary

214
Q

reduplicated monosyllable

A

the repetition of a sound such as ‘baba’

215
Q

register

A

the type or variety of language that the writer or speaker has chosen to use (e.g. formal register, medical register, academic register etc.)

216
Q

regular verbs

A

take a regular -ed inflection when changing from present to past tense (e.g. walk/walked)

217
Q

relation maxim

A

a co-operative principle that requires that you make what you say relevant to the last speakers turn

218
Q

representation

A

language used to present an impression of ourselves, or of an event, company or institution (like your school or college) to the wider world

219
Q

scaffolding

A

a form of linguistic support whereby adults, through their interactions, provide the child with conversational material and patterning (e.g. the parent might say ‘What did we buy at the shop today? Did we buy apples?’, thus providing the child with some key lexis and grammar structures, supporting them in continuing the conversation)

220
Q

self-related comment

A

speaker makes a comment about themselves (e.g. ‘I’m run off my feet’)

221
Q

semantic field

A

a pattern of words with similar meanings found across a text or texts (e.g. bolt, trap, cage)

222
Q

semantic shift

A

the change in a meaning of a word

223
Q

semantics

A

meanings of words, both on their own and in relation to other words in the text

224
Q

semiotics

A

the study of signs and symbols; considering not only the ways in which words work but also by considering images, sounds, music and patterns

225
Q

simple sentence

A

only has one clause

226
Q

sociolect

A

a variety of language that is characteristic of the social background or status of its user

227
Q

standardisation

A

the process of forming a uniform language codified in dictionaries, educational and government texts that demands conformity by all variant language forms

228
Q

stress

A

where volume is raised to place emphasis on a particular syllable

229
Q

subject

A

this normally performs the action of the sentence or clause and can be a singular word or a phrase

230
Q

subordinate clause

A

depends on the main clause to exist

231
Q

subordinating conjunctions

A

these signal the start of a subordinate clause

232
Q

superlative adjective

A

expresses the highest level of the quality represented by the adjective, generally made by adding -est to the base form (e.g. the fastest car)

233
Q

synchronicity

A

events that occur simultaneously, such as communication

234
Q

synchronous

A

at the same time; a face to face conversation would be an example of synchronous discourse

235
Q

synonym

A

a word that has a similar meaning to another word (e.g. malady and illness)

236
Q

syntax

A

the order of the elements in a clause or sentence (subject, verb, object, etc.)

237
Q

tag question

A

an interrogative clause added to the end of a declarative to make it into a question (e.g. we’re meeting for lunch today, aren’t we?)

238
Q

telegraphic stage

A

usually associated with language development in infants of approximately 24-36 months, this term refers to speech that resembles an old-fashioned telegram, generally characterised by the omission of auxiliary verbs and determiners and with a focus on lexical essentials (e.g. ‘daddy get milk’ or ‘ben feed ducks’)

239
Q

topic management

A

the way topics in a conversation are organised or handed from speaker to speaker - can also be known as agenda setting

240
Q

transition relevance place (TRP)

A

the point at which one turn is ending and another turn is signalled

241
Q

turn construction unit (TCU)

A

a fundamental segment of speech in conversation analysis

242
Q

turn-taking

A

the process of taking turns in a conversation, where only one speaker speaks at a time

243
Q

two-word stage

A

usually occurs around the age of 18 months to two years and refers to a child’s ability to start producing utterances which use words in combination this will often take the form of subject and verb (e.g. doggie gone) but variation of syntax is possible, as the child begins to shape meaning -sometimes using intonation as well (e.g. mummy come (statement), mummy come? (question) and come mummy (command))

244
Q

underextension

A

when the meaning ascribed to a word used by a child which is narrower than the meaning it has in adult language; using a hyponym instead of a hypernym e.g. a child may use the word cat instead of pet

245
Q

upward convergence

A

changing your accent or lexical choices to something you perceive as more prestigious

246
Q

valediction

A

expression of farewell

247
Q

verb

A

the action or state in the sentence or clause (can be a single word or verb phrase)

248
Q

vernacular

A

everyday regional language spoken by people

249
Q

vernacular writing

A

informal, non-standard writing

250
Q

violates a maxim

A

subtle failure of someone to observe a maxim (e.g. going on a bit too long on a topic)

251
Q

vocative

A

directly expressing someone via’to someone in conversation by their name

252
Q

Phoneme

A

The basic unit of sound

253
Q

Dipthong

A

A vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sounds, where a speaker glides from one to another

254
Q

Voicing

A

The act of the vocal cords either vibrating (voices) or not vibrating (unvoiced) in the production of a consonant sound

255
Q

Place of articulation

A

The position in the mouth where a consonant sound is produced

256
Q

Manner of articulation

A

The extent to which airflow is interrupted by parts in the mouth in the production of consonant sounds

257
Q

Syllable

A

A sound unit with a vowel at its centre

258
Q

Accent

A

A regional variety of speech that differs from other regional varieties in terms of pronunciation

259
Q

Accommodation

A

The ways that individuals adjust their speech patterns to match others

260
Q

Sound iconicity

A

The use of the sound system to mirror the form or meaning

261
Q

International phonemic alphabet

A

An internationally recognised system of phonetic transcription

262
Q

Denotative and connotative meanings

A

The literal (denotative) and associated (connotative) meanings of words

263
Q

Figurative language

A

Language uses in a non-literal way in order to describe something in another’s terms (e.g. simile or metaphor)

264
Q

Semantic fields

A

Groups of words connected by a shared field of reference, e.g. medicine, art

265
Q

Synonyms

A

Words that have equivalent meanings

266
Q

Antonyms

A

Words that have contrasting meanings

267
Q

Hypernyms

A

Words that label categories e.g. animal, which includes for example dog, cat and rabbit

268
Q

Hyponyms

A

Words that can be included in a larger, more general category (e.g. the hyponyms car, bus, aeroplane as a form of the hypernym transport)

269
Q

Levels of formality

A

Vocabulary styles including slang, colloquialisms, taboo, formal and fixed levels

270
Q

Occupational register

A

A technical vocabulary associated with a particular occupation or activity

271
Q

Sociolect

A

A language style associated with a particular social group

272
Q

Dialect

A

A language style associated with a particular geographical region

273
Q

Neology

A

The process of new word formation, including the following: blends, compounds, acronyms, initialisms, eponyms

274
Q

Semantic change

A

The process of words changing meaning, including the following: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, peroration, semantic reclamation

275
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest grammatical unit

276
Q

Free morpheme

A

A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word

277
Q

Affix (or bound morpheme)

A

A morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word, but combines with others to create a new word

278
Q

Phrase

A

A group of words centred around a head word

279
Q

Head word

A

The central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (e.g. noun phrase, adjective phrase) and may be modified by other words

280
Q

modification

A

the adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word in a phrase either before or after

281
Q

clause

A

a group of words centred around a verb, which may be either grammatically complete (main) or incomplete (subordinate)

282
Q

implicature

A

an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken

283
Q

inference

A

the process of deriving implied meanings

284
Q

irony

A

using language to signal an attitude other than what has literally been expressed

285
Q

deixis

A

words that are context bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where something is happening or when it is happening

286
Q

speech acts

A

communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example apologies and promises

287
Q

politeness

A

the awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness)

288
Q

discourse markers

A

words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write e.g. OK, so, as I was saying

289
Q

adjuncts

A

non essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted

290
Q

disjuncts

A

sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows e.g. frankly or sadly

291
Q

narrative structures

A

how events, actions, and processes are sequenced when recounting a story

292
Q

layout

A

the way a text is physically structured

293
Q

typographical features

A

the features of fonts used in texts such as font type, size and colour

294
Q

orthographical features

A

the features of the writing system such as spelling, capitalisation and punctuation

a level english language (15 decks)

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