A revolution in medicine

Question 1

What was the theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 1

that as matter rotted or decayed it turned into the microbes

Question 2

what is the germ theory

Answer 2

the theory that germs cause all disease and decay

Question 3

what did Pasteur discover

Answer 3

that bad wine was caused by germs
that germs could be killed through heating

Question 4

how did Pasteur show that germs caused disease in silkworms

Answer 4

separated germ ones from healthy ones and the disease stopped spreading

Question 5

why could Pasteur not finish his work

Answer 5

suffered a stroke in the late 1860s

Question 6

What bacteria did Robert Koch identify in 1878

Answer 6

Anthrax

Question 7

how did Koch discover Anthrax

Answer 7

extracting what he thought was anthrax anthrax from a sheep
injecting it into a mouse which then died
extracting bacteria from dead mouse into another one
repeating 20 times.
he now identified anthrax bacteria

Question 8

what did koch develop as a medium to grow bacteria

Answer 8

agar jelly

Question 9

how did koch invent a way of staining bacteria

Answer 9

using chemical dyes and photographing them using a microscope

Question 10

what did Kochs discoveries lead to Pasteur doing

Answer 10

coming out of retirement to try surpass them

Question 11

how did Pasteur accidentally vaccinate chickens from chicken cholera

Answer 11

one of his assistants left a petri dish containing it out over summer. pastuer then injected a chicken and it did not die. he then injected it with a fresh batch and it still did not die.

Question 12

What did Pasteur’s sheep experiment show

Answer 12

he gave 25 sheep a weak anthrax dose.
he then gave them a stronger dose and another 25 sheep a stronger dose.
the ones who had weakened version were fine. the other 25 died

Question 13

what 2 bacteria did Koch identify in 1882 and 1883

Answer 13

TB and cholera

Question 14

How did Pasteur create a rabies vaccine

Answer 14

injected a vaccine into a boy that had been bit. turns out disease was not full blown so it worked

Question 15

What had not changed in the 18th century about how people treated everyday illnesses

Answer 15

still used medicine which had no scientific effect on illness like alcohol and opium

Question 16

How was Paul Ehrlichs magic bullets the first of their kind

Answer 16

first drug to stain and kill bacteria

Question 17

how many arsenic compounds did it take Ehrlich to find one that worked

Answer 17

606

Question 18

In 1800, what were the 3 main reasons for the death rate of surgery being at 50%?

Answer 18

pain infection and blood loss

Question 19

what was the first anaesthetic

Answer 19

nitrous oxide

Question 20

why was nitrous oxide not an efficient anaesthetic

Answer 20

did not knock out the patient

Question 21

what was a drawback of the more powerful anaesthetic ether?

Answer 21

irritated patients lungs, made patients vomit, mildly explosive

Question 22

What anaesthetic did James Simpson discover

Answer 22

chloroform

Question 23

what was good about chloroform

Answer 23

knocked patients out with little side effects

Question 24

what was opposition to chloroform

Answer 24

unnatural according to religious leaders
difficult to decide on correct dose
potential long term side effects

Question 25

what helped Simpson argue all these objections against chloroform

Answer 25

Queen Victoria used it for birthing her eighth child.

Question 26

what was a drawback of anaesthetic in general

Answer 26

meant disease could now infect the body as wounds open longer

Question 27

What did Joe Lister develop as the first antiseptic

Answer 27

carbolic acid

Question 28

how did lister discover his antiseptic worked

Answer 28

used it on a boy whos leg broke badly. lister wrapped carbolic acid soaked bandages around his leg and it healed perfectly

Question 29

what did the death rate of listers operations fall to

Answer 29

50 to 15%

Question 30

what was opposition against lister

Answer 30

many surgeons did not believe in germ theory lister not a good public speaker kept changing his methods irritated hands and skin expensive

Question 31

how did lister tackle opposition

Answer 31

death rate fell to 5% carbolic acid stopped blood poisoning after Kochs discovery

Question 32

what were new ideas regarding aseptic surgery compared to antiseptics

Answer 32

sterilising instruments with steam invention of rubber gloves operating theatres and hospitals cleaned intensely

Question 33

Which war did nightingale serve in as a nurse

Answer 33

crimean

Question 34

how did nightingale lower the death rate in the hospital from 42 to 2%

Answer 34

wards for soldiers with similar diseases stopping cross infection high standards of cleanliness keeping careful records of medicines given and patients progress installing beds for all patients 24 hour care

Question 35

how did nightingale transform the nursing profession after the war

Answer 35

writing a book setting up a training school advising new hospitals on how to set out their buildings

Question 36

what factor led to rapid urbanization and public health problems

Answer 36

industrial revolution

Question 37

what happened during the industrial revolution to lead to public health problems

Answer 37

towns and cities grew so quickly new houses built by landlords who were only interested in profits no laws surrounding house builds

Question 38

how were living conditions bad during the industrial revolution

Answer 38

no sewers no refuse disposal water taken from rivers used for dumping waste houses overcrowded houses built poorly streets and courts so narrow leading to air pollution

Question 39

what did people say was the reason for cholera in the 19th century

Answer 39

miasma sent by god cholera affected those who lived intemperate lifestyles

Question 40

how did some towns try take action to prevent spread of cholera

Answer 40

ordering streets to be cleaned set up quarantine hospitals ordered barrels of sulfuric acid to be opened in the town to purify air ordered residents to limewash their houses chadwick flushes all londons waste into thames

Question 41

how did Dr John Snow prove that polluted water caused cholera in 1854

Answer 41

removing handle to broadstreet water pump pointing out case of an old lady who got her water from that pump in a town where no one else did. she died of cholera. pointing out that a brewery with a different water supply had no cases of cholera

Question 42

why could John Snow not overthrow the opinions of other doctors

Answer 42

hard to overcome miasma theory

Question 43

what did Chadwick's best selling book of 1842 point out.

Answer 43

life expectancy of the richest people in cities was lower than that of the poorest in countryside

Question 44

why did the "dirty party" snub Chadwick's call for a new public health act in 1847

Answer 44

did not want to pay higher taxes believed it was not governments job to interfere in everyday lives no one was sure of real cause

Question 45

in 1848 cholera returned to britain. this led to a new public health act which said what

Answer 45

local councils could set up a board of health if 10% of rich taxpayers wanted one local councils had to set up a board of health if the death rate was higher than 33/1000 local councils could connect houses to sewers, supply clean water, provide public parks and raise taxes to pay for improvements board of health set in London with Chadwick as head

Question 46

what were the positive impacts of the 1848 public health act

Answer 46

2500 miles of sewer built in 8 years public health now considered a national issue government had finally accepted responsibility for the health of the nation

Question 47

what were limitations of 1848 public health act

Answer 47

not compulsory for councils who were worried of cost only 1/6 of people in Britain covered by board of health by 1853 Chadwick difficult to work with Chadwick flushed waste into Thames

Question 48

why was the 1875 public health act more effective

Answer 48

it was compulsory all local councils now had to provide clean water, proper drains and sewers and appoint a medical officer in health

Question 49

why was this more effective act in 1875 not possible in 1848

Answer 49

in 1858 parliament was evacuated because thames smelt so bad. this forced parliament to introduce a very successful system of sewers which showed public health measures worked. prominent campaigners put pressure on government pasteur showed germs caused disease so dirty party could not argue money would be wasted cholera returned in 1866 frightening people