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Spring 2024 > A&P2 > Flashcards

A&P2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the mediastinum?

A

Large veins and arteries of Heart, Heart, Aortic Arch

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1
Q

Where does the top of the lungs go up to?

A

base of the neck, past the first 1 rib

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2
Q

What do intercostal muscles assist with?

A

Inspiring and Expiring

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3
Q

How many sets of intercostal muscles do we have?

A

2

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4
Q

Where do the scalene muscles connect?

A
  1. C-Spine
  2. Ribs 1 or 2
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5
Q

Where is the anterior scalene muscle connected?

A

C3-C7 and Rib 1

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6
Q

Where is the posterior scalene muscle connected?

A

C5-C7 and Rib 2

Lowest and most lateral

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7
Q

Where is the middle scalene muscle connected?

A

C3-C6 and Rib 1

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8
Q

What muscles connect the neck spine to the top of the thorax?

A

Scalene muscles; prevent the ribcage from being pulled out and stabilize ribcage

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9
Q

Where are the leaflets of the diaphragm anchored?

A

Bodies of the L-spine; this is what they pull on when they contract

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the central tendon?

A

Place for the heart to sit on

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11
Q

What nerve is most proximal to the phrenic nerve?

A

Vagus

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12
Q

What three 3 structures run through the diaphragm?

A
  1. IVC - Caval aperture - most anterior
  2. Esophagus - esophageal aperture
  3. Abdominal aorta - aortic aperture - most posterior
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13
Q

Why is the left lung smaller?

A

To have enough space in the chest for the heart

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14
Q

What are the three lobes of the right lung?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior
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15
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Inferior
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16
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure?

A

Between the superior and middle loves of the R lung?

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17
Q

Where are the oblique fissures?

A

Between in the middle and inferior lobes on the R and L lungs

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18
Q

What is the fibrous coating of the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura; has coating of muscles that allows the lungs to slide around during respiration

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19
Q

How much can the base of the lung fluctuate position?

A

2 or 3 cms

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20
Q

Where is most of the lung tissue?

A

The posterior portion of the chest; this is why we listen to lung sounds on the back

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21
Q

What does each segment of the lung have?

A
  1. Airway
  2. Major blood vessels
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22
Q

How many segments of lung do we have when we’re young?

A

10

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23
Q

When we get older what sections of the lung change?

A

4 segments in the left lung fuse into 2 segments

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24
Q

How many segments are in each lung?

A

10 on the right lung, 8 on the left

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25
Q

Why do we have a sharp angle with the bronchus on the left side?

A

To make room for the heart

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26
Q

What is the generation of the trachea? Right and left bronchus?

A

0 ; 1

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27
Q

What is the anatomical name for the atom’s apple?

A

Laryngeal prominence

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28
Q

What gives males a lower tone of voice? Why?

A

Laryngeal prominence; is larger in men and increases the length of the vocal chords, which gives lower-pitched sounds

29
Q

What fastens the larynx on the trachea?

A

Cricoid cartilage

30
Q

What connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

31
Q

What closes the airway to swallow food?

A

Voicebox travels superior allowing epiglottis to seal off the top of the airway

32
Q

What nerve controls the muscles that control the shape of the chords?

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

33
Q

What generation do the bronchioles start?

A

4

34
Q

What generation is the terminal bronchioles?

A

16

35
Q

Which generation is where gas exchange starts?

A

17

36
Q

Which generations don’t have alveoli? What is it called?

A

0-16; the conduction zone

37
Q

What generations are included in the transitional and respiratory zones?

A

17-23

38
Q

Generations 17, 18, and 19 are known as?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

39
Q

Generations 20-22 are known as?

A

Alveolar ducts

40
Q

What generation contains alveolar sacs?

A

23

41
Q

Which generation types do the transitional and respiratory zones contain?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
42
Q

Which portion of the airway has the smallest cross-sectional area? The largest?

A

Bronchi; alveolar sacs

43
Q

What structures are part of the conducting zone?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal bronchioles
44
Q

Where is our anatomical dead space?

A

Conducting zone

45
Q

What is the difference between the alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs?

A

Ducts have an outlet somewhere. Can go deeper in or back out.

46
Q

What is the total surface area for gas exchange of all the alveoli in the lungs?

A

70 m2

47
Q

What is the limiting factor for performance?

A

Heart

48
Q

What are the two states of hemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin

49
Q

Decreased amount of O2 at the level of a tissue?

A

Hypoxia

50
Q

Decreased amount of O2 in the blood (art)

A

Hypoxemia

51
Q

Where do we use cmH2O? Why?

A

Low pressures in the chest; it works better to use a unit of measurement that has less density than mercury

52
Q

P-C-a-A-VO2-Vt

A

Pressure
Content
Arterial
Alveolar
Volume of O2 /min
Ventilation

53
Q

What is a normal Vt?

A

500mL or 0.5L

54
Q

What is a normal residual volume (RV)? What is it?

A

1.5 L ; Amount of air in the respiratory system that we can’t remove through normal means

55
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? What is the normal value?

A

The amount of extra air that we can push out of the lungs before we run into our residual volume; 1.5 L

56
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? What is the normal value?

A

Amount of air we can inspire on top of a normal inspiratory volume; 2.5 L

57
Q

What are capacities?

A

Combinations of more than one volume

58
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)? What is the normal for a healthy adult?

A

The most amount of air we can put into our system under maximal effort; 6 L

59
Q

What two capacities comprise total lung capacity (TLC)? What’s the normal value?

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) and Functional Residual Capacity (FRC); 3 L

60
Q

What volumes make up the working capacity or vital capacity? What’s the normal volume?

A

Sum of 3 volumes: Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve, and Expiratory Reserve; 4.5 L

61
Q

What volumes make up the inspiratory capacity (IC)? What’s the normal capacity?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume &
Tidal Volume; 3 L

62
Q

What volumes comprise the functional residual capacity (FRC)? What is the normal value?

A
  1. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
  2. Residual Volume (RV)

1.5 L

63
Q

What are the 4 lung capacities? What are their volumes?

A
  1. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) / 6 L
  2. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) / 3 L
  3. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) / 3 L
  4. Vital Capacity (VC) / 4.5 L
64
Q

What’s normal atmosphere pressure?

A

Patm (1 atm) = 7760 mmHg or torrs

65
Q

What causes Patm?

A

Weight of all the air and stuff between us and outerspace.

66
Q

What is chest pressure? What are the units?

A

Pleural Pressure or PIPor PPL; cmH2O-5

67
Q

What is the elastic recoil pressure? What is the normal value?

A

PEL and PER; -5 cmH20

68
Q

Transmural Pressure

A

Differences in pressures that are seperated by a wall

69
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure (PTP)

A

A specific type of transmural pressure that describes a pressure difference between the alveoli and the pleural pressure.

70
Q

What is the formula for transpulmonary pressure?

A

PTP = PA - PIP

71
Q

What does it mean to have a high and low transpulmonary pressure (PTP)

A

PTP high = more pressure to pull air into the lungs
PTP low = not as much pressure to fill lungs

Spring 2024 (9 decks)

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