A&P1 Lab 5 Axial Skeleton Flashcards
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Bone markings
Either projections, depressions, or openings in bones
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection, may be roughened
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Line
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (femur only)
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Process
Any boney prominence
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Spine
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
- site of muscle and ligament attachment
Head
- Boney expansion carried on a narrow neck
- projection that helps form joints
Facet
- smooth, nearly flat articular surface
- projection that helps form joints
Condyle
- rounded articular projection
- projection that helps form joints
Ramus
- Armlike bar of bone
- projection that helps form joints
Groove
- Furrow
- depression for blood vessel or nerves
Fissure
- Narrow, slit like opening
- for blood vessel or nerves
Foremen
- round or oval openings through a bone
- hole for blood vessel or nerves
Notch
- indentation at edge of suture
- depression for blood vessel or nerves
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Sinus
Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Fossa
Shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Cranium
Cranium (superior part of skull)
- 4 sutures
- coronal
- sagittal
- squamous
- lambdoid
Frontal bone
Part of skull
- frontal sinuses - supra-orbital foramen
Parietal bones
- Right/Left superior/lateral Cranial bones
- joined together by sagittal suture superiorly
- coronal suture joins them to frontal bone
- lambdoid suture joins them to occipital bone
- squamous suture joins them to Temporal bones
Temporal bones
Right/Left lateral bones of cranium
-complex structure with multiple markings
- Made up of :
- squamous part (anterior)
- tympanic part (inferior to ear)
- petrous part (posterior)
- mastoid part (bulge behind ear)
Mandibular fossa
- structure of temporal bone
- oval basin (fossa) on the inferior surface of zygomatic process
- receives this ball condylar process of mandible
External Acoustic Meatus
- External ear canal
- part of tympanic part of temporal bone
Mastoid process
- Part of Temporel bone (can be felt- lump posterior to ear)
- mastoid = breasts (somewhat resembles shape)
- anchors neck muscles
-
Jugular foramen
- posterior part of temporal bone (junction of occipital bone)
- allows passage of the internal jugular vein and three cranial nerves
- larger posterior foramen to carotid canal
Carotid canal
- Structure of Temporal bone
- small ‘hole’ anterior to jugular foramen
- transmits the internal carotid artery into cranial cavity
Foramen Lacerum
- Medially located Temporal bone structure
- jagged opening (lacerum= torn/lacerated)
- between the petrous temporal bone and the sepheniod bone
Occipital bone
- posterior cranial bone
- foramen magnum “large hole” for spinal cord
- occipital condyles articulate with the first vertebra of spinal column (allows nodding “yes” motion)
Sphenoid bone
- shaped like bat
- complex structure with several bone markings
- Keystone of the cranium:
- forms a central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones
Greater/Lesser wings of Sphenoid bone
Greater Wings:
- larger superior wings that form:
- middle cranial fossa
- posterior walls of orbits
- external wall of skull
Lesser Wings:
- form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa - form part of the medial walls of the orbits
Sella Turcica of Sphenoid bone
- superior surface of the body has saddle shaped prominence
- hypophyseal fossa- seat of “saddle” holding Pituitary gland
- meaning “Turks Saddle”
Sphenoid Sinus
-lies within the body of the Seohenoid bone
Sphenoid foramen
O ROS
Optic canals- anterior/ above to Sella Turcica
- allows Optic nerves to pass to eyes
Rotundum-in the middle part of the greater wing and is usually oval despite name
Ovale- A large oval foramen posterior/ below the foramen rotundum
Foramen Spinosum- small holes posteriorlateral to the foramen ovale
Ethmoid bone
-Most deeply situated bone of skull
Warms air intake with lots of surface area
Crista Galli
- projects superiorly from ethmoid bone
- pinnacle (rooster’s head-gallo)
Cribriform plates
- forms superior surface of ethmoid
- paired horizontal plates form roof of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa.
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
- Divides nasal cavity into right and left halves
- medial vertical structure
Ethmoid sinus
- flanking perpendicular plate is a lateral mass:
- ethmoid air cells or ethmoid sinuses
Superior and Middle nasal conchae
- Shell shaped protrusions
- lateral to perpendicular plate
Fetal skull fontanelles
Fountanelles
- fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
- develops into sutures
- "little fountains" because surging pulse can be felt there
Anterior Fontanelle- large diamond shape soft spot at top of baby’s head
Mastoid fontanelle- behind Temporal bone (becomes squamous/lambdoid suture)
Sephenoid Fontanelle- between frontal, parietal and Temporel bones (becomes squamous / inferior coronal suture)
Posterior Fontanelle- at junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures
Facial bones (name all 8)
- Mandible
- maxillae (maxillary bone)
- zygomatic
- palatine (pallet)
- lacrimal
- nasal bone
- vomer
- inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
Mandibular condyle:
- articulation point between mandible and temporal bones - fits into mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Coronoid process:
- most vertical projection - interior part ramus
Mental foramen- holes on jaw
Mandibular foramen- inside of jaw
Maxillae
Keystone bones of the face; forms the upper jaw and parts of the hard pallet, orbits, and nasal cavity walls
Articulates with all facial bones except mandible
Infraorbital foramen- hones below eye socket
Palatine process- roof of mouth
Maxillary sinuses
Palatine
Forms posterior “hard palate”
Contributes to the floor of the orbits
Zygomatic
Forms the cheeks and part of the orbits
Lacrimal
Forms part of the medial orbit walls
Nasal
Forms the bridge of nose
Vomer
Interior part of the nasal septum
Vertical piece
Inferior nasal conchae
Forms part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Hyoid bone
Only freestanding bone of the body
Supports larynx
attachment for muscles:
- larynx - pharynx - tongue
The vertebral column
Spine- made up of 26 bones
- sacrum
- coccyx
- flexible yet supports head and body
- protects spinal cord
Typical vertebra
Body Laminae Pedicles Vertebral foramen Transverse processes Spinous process Superior and inferior articular processes Intravertebral foramina
Cervical
Atlas- articulates with the skull (C1)
- no body or spinous process
Axis- has a body (C2)
- dens (knoblike vertical projection) allows head to rotate in “no” gesture.
Dens (Odontoid process)- vertical point
Transverse foramina- side holes (totals to 3)
Thoracic
Facets on transverse process for ribs
Sacrum
Alae (singular-ala)
Median sacral crest
Sacral foramina
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Lumbar
Concave
5 vertebrae
Bony thorax
Thoracic cage
Includes sternum and ribs
Strenum
Breastbone includes:
- manubrium -top bone - body -Long vertical bone - xiphoid process - bottom Diamond shaped bone
Ribs
Head, neck, tubercles, coastal grooves
True ribs: T1 – T7
False Ribs: T8 – T 12
Floating ribs T11 – 212
