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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > A&P 1 Chapter 8 Joints > Flashcards

A&P 1 Chapter 8 Joints Flashcards

0
Q

Functional classes of joints

A

Synarthroses-immovable

Amphiarthrosis- slightly movable

Diarthrosis-freely movable

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1
Q

Functions of joint

A
  • Give Skeleton mobility

- hold Skeleton together

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2
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • most are immovable
  • Bound together by fibers
  • no joint cavity

Three types:

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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3
Q

Suture

A
  • has short, interconnecting fibers, where bone edges interlock
  • Found only in the skull
  • synostoses- skulls bones fused together in middle age
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4
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • Joint held together by a ligament
  • Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
  • immovable to slightly movable

Ex: ligament connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

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5
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • “Peg in socket” fibrous joint
  • Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

(Think gomma)

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7
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • The joints are both rigid and slightly movable
  • No cavity

Synchondroses

Symphysesm

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8
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

  • Most common example of synchondrosis are the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children
  • joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and sternum
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11
Q

Symphyses

A

Bones united by fibrocartilage.

  • Compressive and resilient,
  • acts like shock absorber and permits limited amount of movement at the joint.

Ex: intervertebral discs at spine and pubic symphysis of pelvis

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13
Q

Synovial joints

A

Joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity. Most joints of the body fall into this category.

Six distinguishing features:

  • Articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments
  • Nerves and blood vessels
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14
Q

Six Distinguishing features of Synovial joints

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • joint (articular) cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments
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15
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces. Absorbs compression

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16
Q

Joint (Articular) cavity

A

Unique to synovial joints, the cavity is a space that contains small amount of synovial fluid.

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17
Q

Articular capsule

A

Encloses the joint cavity with two layers.

Fibrous layer: composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Synovial membrane: composed of loose connective tissue

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18
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Provides a slippery, weight bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilages.

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19
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by bandlike ligaments:

Capsular ligaments: thickened parts of the fibrous layer

Extracapsular ligaments: ligaments outside of capsule

Intracapsular ligaments: within capsule

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20
Q

Nerves and blood vessels

A

Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers within the capsule.

  • Can detect pain
  • Monitors joint position and stretch
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21
Q

Bursae / Bursa

A

Rolling “bags” between structures of joint that lessen friction.

-flattened fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin-film of synovial fluid within. They occur when ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and bones rub together.

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22
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A

An elongated bursa that wraps around the tendon subjected to friction where tendons are crowded together.

ex: wrist

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23
Q

Angular movements

A

Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones.

Include:
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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24
Q

Flexion

A

Bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together. Usually a long sagittal plane.

Ex: bending the head forward on chest.

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25
Q

Extension

A
  • the reverse of flexion
  • involves movement along the sagittal plane
  • increases the angle between the articulating bones
  • typically straightens a flexed limb
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26
Q

Gliding movements

A
  • flat bone surface glides or slips over another
  • back and forth side to side
  • without angulation or rotation

Ex: Wrists and ankles… (Queen wave)

27
Q

Adduction

A
  • moving toward the midline

- the opposite of abduction

28
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Movement of the limb so that it describes a cone in space
  • the distal end of the limb moves in a circle, while the point of the cone (the shoulder or the hip joint) is more or less stationary
29
Q

Rotation

A

Turning of one bone around its own long access

-common at hip and shoulder joints

30
Q

Abduction

A
  • “Moving away” from midline

ex: raising the thigh laterally (hip abductor)

31
Q

Supination & Pronation

A

Supination -turning backwards (see Palm of hand)

Pronation - turning forward

32
Q

Dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion

A

Dorsiflexion: wrist/foot flexion (upward movement)

Plantar flexion: wrist/foot extension (downward movement

33
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints

Syn= together
Arthro= joint
34
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints

Amphi= both sides

35
Q

Diarthroses / diarthrotic

A

Freely movable joints

Dia= through, apart

36
Q

Inversion /Eversion

A

Inversion - sole of foot turns medially

Eversion - sole of foot faces laterally

37
Q

Protraction / Retraction

A

Protraction- mandible projects forward (anteriorly)

Retraction- mandible (jaw) moves backwards (posteriorly)

38
Q

Elevation / Depression

A

Elevation- lifting body part superiorly
Ex: shrugging shoulders

Depression- moving the elevated part inferiorly
Ex: chewing gum jaw is elevated and depressed

39
Q

Opposition

A

Saddle joint between metacarpal and trapezium allows thumb to move to opposite sides

40
Q

Types of movements

A

Gliding- nonaxial (hand queen wave)

Media/Lateral axis (flexion/extension) [uniaxial movement] - hinge joint

Anterior/posterior axis (adduction/abduction) [biaxial movement] -

Vertical axis (Rotation) [uniaxial movement]

All directions [multiaxial]

43
Q

Origin/insertion of muscle attachment across synovial joint

A

Origin – attachment to the immovable bone

Insertion – attachment to be movable bone

44
Q

Hinge joints

A
  • Motion is along a single plane
  • Uniaxial joints permits flexion and extension only

Ex: elbow and interphalangeal joints

45
Q

Pivot joints

A
  • uniaxial movement

- Bone fits into sleeve/ligaments of another bone and spins within

46
Q

Condyloid or ellipsoidal joints

A

Articular surface of one fits into complementary depression in another

Biaxial joints permit all angular motions

Ex: Radiocarpal (wrist) metacarpalphalangeal (knuckle)

47
Q

Saddle joint

A

Each articular joint has both a concave and convex surface

Biaxial movement

Allows for oppositional movement

Ex: thumb

48
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

round head a bone articulates within socket of another

Multiaxial joint freely moving
Ex: shoulder and hip joints

49
Q

Temporomeandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone

Hinge movement (depression and elevation) and side to side movement

50
Q

Sprains

A

Torn or stretched ligaments

51
Q

Cartilage injuries

A
  • The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage

- repaired with arthroscopic surgery

52
Q

Dislocations

A

Bones are forced out of alignment (by falls or sports injury)

Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint mobilization

subluxation-partial dislocation of a joint

53
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursa caused by blow or friction

Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs

54
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendon sheets typically cause by overuse

55
Q

Arthritis

A
  • types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases exist
  • widespread in US
  • Acute form – caused by bacteria treated with antibiotics
  • chronic form- osteoarthritis rheumatoid praise and Gouty arthritis
56
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Often called “wear and tear” – most common form of arthritis

85% of Americans develop (OA) prevalent amongst the aged

57
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A
  • chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease
  • unknown cause
  • Usually appears between the ages of 40 to 50

Symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atophy

58
Q

Gaudi arthritis

A

Deposits of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissue

Typically affects the joint of the large toe

If untreated bones can fuse and immobilize the joint

59
Q

Stability of synovial joints

A
  • articular surfaces (shape -minor role for stability)
  • ligaments (The more the stronger)
  • muscle tone (most important stabilizing factor)
60
Q

Articulation

A

Where two bones make contact

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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