A&P1 Lab 2 Flashcards
Cell
-Plasma membrane (cell membrane) separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid
-Cytoplasm-composed of:
cytosol: liquid
Organelles: intracellular structures
Cell theory
-developed by Robert Hooke
Cells are basic building blocks for plants and animals
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level
.
Plasma membrane
Separates extracellular fluid from cytoplasm
Composed of:
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Functions of Plasma Membrane
-Barrier: isolates/protects
- Regulates: Exchanges Materials through diffusion
- ions/nutrients (in)
- waste eliminated/cellular products (out) - monitors: environment
- extracellular fluid composition
- contains chemical signals
Structural support: anchors
- cells & tissues
Nucleus
-Control center of cell
– holds DNA (chromatin)
- storage and processing of genes
- Controls protein synthesis
Has nuclear pores for communication in/out of nucleus
Nucleoli: inside nucleus
- directions —> protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough: covered in ribosomes- used for transportation
- smooth: no ribosomes- used for synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
Golgi complex/apparatus
Package and transports proteins
Lysosomes
Digest worn-out parts
Peroxisomes
Detoxify: free radicals
Mitochondria
Energy (produces ATP)
Five organelles (membranous) in cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Structural proteins that gives cell shape and strength
Is attached to centrosome
Microvilli
Increases surface area of cell; absorption
attached to cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Form spindle apparatus
For cell division
Is inside Centrosome: cytoplasm and centriole
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
2 types:
- Some are free: float in cytoplasm (makes proteins for cell)
- fixed ribosomes: attached to the rough ER (makes proteins to secrete)
Interphase
“Resting” period: non-dividing period
- G1 phase:
- Cell growth
- organelle duplication
- protein synthesis
-S phase: DNA replication
- G2 phase:
- Completes:
- Protein synthesis
- Centriole replication
Organelle
Membranous structures within cell
Extracellular fluid
Watery medium around outside cell
Cytoplasm
Everything within the cell: Cytosol (liquid) and organelles
Chromosomes
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane structure around nucleus, regulates what goes in and out through pores.
Spindle apparatus
Structure that separates chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division.
Lifecycle of cell
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Purpose: DNA divides two sets of chromosomes
4 Distinct stages:
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
Prophase of mitosis
Nucleoli:
-disappear
-chromosomes:
> condenses
> duplicated
Centriole pairs:
-move —> cell poles
Nuclear envelope:
-disappears
Spindle fibers:
-attached to centromeres
Metaphase of mitosis
Chromosomes align in center (central/metaphase plate)
Anaphase of mitosis
- Microtubules pull chromosomes apart
- Head towards poles
Telophase of mitosis
- nuclear membranes re-form
- chromosomes uncoil
- nucleoli reappear
- cell has two complete nuclei
Cilia
hair like extensions on cell membrane
move fluids across cell surface
Cytokinesis
Final stage of cell division
- cytoplasm
- Cleavage furrow develops along metaphase plate
- membrane closes and forms daughter cells
Centrosome
Near the nucleus of a cell
contains cytoplasm and centrioles
-from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
