A&P Unit 2 (Integumentary System) Flashcards
Functions of skin…(6)
- absorption
- excretion
- monitoring
- prevention
- protection
- regulation
Epidermis (5)
- thinner/outermost layer, rapidly replaced every 2-4 weeks
- stratified squamous epithelial
- lacks blood vessels
- waterproof from keratinization
- 4 to 5 layers
Layers of the epidermis (5)
outer to inner
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
stratum corneum (2)
- keratinized (waterproof)
- outermost layer
stratum lucidum
-only present palms/soles feet
stratum basale (3)
- metabolically active (nourished by dermis)
- capable of continued cell division/growth
- contains melanocytes
melanocytes (2)
- responsible for skin pigmentation/color
- produce melanin
disease: albinism (3)
- absence of pigmentation of skin, hair, eyes
- mutated melanin genes
- melanocytes present but unable to synthesize. tyrosinase
disease vitiligo (2)
- autoimmune disease
- antibodies destroy melanocytes leaving white spots
keratinization (2)
- keratinocytes pushed to surface, away from blood supply die
- takes 2-4 weeks
callus/corn
- constant friction
- abnormal cell grow
- thickening of skin
jaundice
- yellowish tone of skin
- accumulation of bilirubin in bood
- indicates liver disease
cyanosis
- blood appears deep purplish blue
- inadequate oxygenation of blood
how does epithelial tissue protect from ultraviolet light?
-langerhan’s cells interact with T-helper cells in activating antibody mediated immune response
Dermis functions… (8)
- nourishes overlying tissue
- provides strength, extensibility, elasticity
- regulation of body temperature
- protection
- monitoring of external environment
- excretions
- absorptions
- blood reservoir
papillary layer of dermis (3)
- superficial most layer
- 1/5 of total thickness
- loose areolar connective tissue
reticular layer of the dermis (2)
- deeper portion
- 4/5 total thickness
hairs (pili) (4)
- dead, pigmented, keratinized cells
- arrises from follicle
- 1 or more sebaceous glands
- smooth muscle (arrector pili)
hair follicle (3)
- tube-like depression of epidermal tissue
- extends into dermis
- external/internal root sheaths
root
-portion of hair embedded in follicle (buried)
shaft
-portion of hair projecting from skin
nails
-plates of tightly packed, clear, keratinized cells
lunula (3)
- whitish, thick, semilunar area
- most active growing region
- thickened stratum basale
sebacous/oil glands (4)
- associated with hair follicles
- absent soles/palms
- secretes sebum
- prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle
sudoriferous / sweat gland: eccrine (2)
- most numerous type
- primary function is cooling body
sudoriferous / sweat gland: appocrine (2)
- become active during puberty
- develop scent as bacteria metabolize product
merkel cells (2)
- function in sensation/touch
- work in conjunction with tactile/meissner’s corpuscles
tactile/meissners corpuscles (2)
- function in fine touch
- work in conjunction with merkel cells
lamellated/pacinian corpuscles (2)
- sensation of heavy pressure
- large, ellipsoidal structures composed of concentric sheaths
What provides sensation of temperature?
Thermoreceptors: hot/cold
What provides sensation of pain?
Nociceptors
Hypodermis: structure (4)
- aka subcutaneous layer
- not actually part of skin tissue (dermis)
- loose areolar connective/adipose tissue
- fibroblasts and adipocytes
Hypodermis: function (3)
- binds skin to underlying organs/structures
- impedes heat loss/prevents heat from entering
- cushions and protects underlying organs/structures from injury
Contusion (3)
- bruise
- results from blunt trauma
- deeper tissue damage may occur
Hematoma
-collection of liquid or clotted blood in the subcutaneous layer
1st degree burns (3)
- injury to superficial epidermis
- mild, tenderness, erythema
- no blister, functions remain intact
2nd degree burns (2)
- destruction of the entire epidermis and portion of the dermis
- erythema, blister formation
3rd degree buns (2)
- full thickness
- destruction of the entire epidermis, dermis, epidermal derivatives
Burn severity is determined by…
BSA methods:
- Rules of Nines
- Lund-Browder Method
BSA: Rules of Nines
- fairly accurate
- fast
- only used on adults
BSA: Lund-Browder Method
- slower
- more accurate than Nines method
- used for children
electrical injury
-thermal burns from heat generated from current running through tissue
pressure injury: decubitus ulcer/bedsore:
-pressure injury from deficiency of blood from prolonged friction on bony prominences
basal cell carcinomas
-account for over %75 of all skin cancers
cutaneous melanomas (3)
- malignant melanoma/melanocarcinoma
- cancers arise from melanocytes
- fast growing/rapid/easily metastisize
