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Surg Tech > A&P Unit 1 (Human Body) Test > Flashcards

A&P Unit 1 (Human Body) Test Flashcards

1
Q

definition “Anatomy”

A

structure / form

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2
Q

definition “Physiology”

A

function / how something works

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3
Q

body plane: “Sagittal”

A

divides body into right left portions

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4
Q

body plane: “Coronal”

A

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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5
Q

body plane: “Mid-sagittal”

A

divides body into equal right and left portions

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6
Q

superior/cephalic

A

one part being above the other / towards the head

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7
Q

inferior/caudal

A

a part being located below another part / towards the feet

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8
Q

anterior/ventral

A

a part being towards the front / towards the belly

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9
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

part being behind another / towards the back

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10
Q

medial

A

closer to the midline than another structure

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11
Q

lateral

A

farther from midline than another structure

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12
Q

bilateral

A

paired structures on both sides

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13
Q

ipsilateral

A

located on same side of midline of body

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14
Q

contralateral

A

located on opposite side of midline

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15
Q

proximal

A

located closer to trunk / point of origin

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16
Q

distal

A

located further from trunk / point of origin

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17
Q

superficial

A

located towards surface of body

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18
Q

peripheral

A

located away from body or another structure

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19
Q

Body Planes are…

A

imaginary plates that divide the body into portions

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20
Q

Membrane that lines organ is visceral or parietal?

A

organ = visceral

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21
Q

Membrane that lines box of serous cavity parietal or visceral?

A

cavity = parietal membrane

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22
Q

apendicular region of the body consists of and is responsible for?

A

upper and lower limbs / manipulation of environment & movement / no vital organs

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23
Q

axial region consists of

A

head / trunk / responsible for

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24
Q

The pelvis is

A

bowl-shaped pelvis protects and supports internal organs

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25
Q

2 gross body cavities are?

A

Dorsal body cavity (central nervous, trunk, head) / ventral body cavity (anterior aspect of trunk, organs (viscera)

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26
Q

thoracic cavity consists of

A

superior / anterior portion of trunk

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27
Q

Mediastinum of thoraic

A

separates pleural cavities of thoracic cavity into halves

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28
Q

Abdomino pelvic cavity

A

occupies inferior anterior portion of trunk

lined with peritoneum membrane

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29
Q

cranial cavity houses?

A

brains subdivision of dorsal body cavity

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30
Q

spinal (vertebral) cavity

A

houses the spine, subdivision of dorsal body cavity

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31
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
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32
Q

define tissue

A

group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

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33
Q

The cell is….

A

the most basic and functional structural unit of a living organism

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34
Q

3 common structures of cell

A

cell membrane, cytosol (cytoplasm), nucleus

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35
Q

cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, allows lipid soluble substances to pass while preventing entrance of water, outer layer

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36
Q

cytoplasm

A

inside membrane, outside nutrients, contains organelles

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37
Q

ribosomes

A

responsible for protein synthesis

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38
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell, aerobic respiration, generates atp

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39
Q

Cillia / flagella are for…

A

absorption / locomotion

40
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center of cell

- contains genetic material of both parents

41
Q

nuclear envelope

A

separates nucleus from the cytoplasm

42
Q

chromatin / chromosomes

A

long coil of DNA

43
Q

Nucleic Acid: DNA

A
  • hold instructions
  • double stranded

“forms the inherited genetic material inside each cell”

44
Q

Nucleic Acid: RNA

A
  • carries out the instructions coded in DNA strands

- 3 types

45
Q

Function of “messenger” RNA

A

directs specific sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

46
Q

Function of “transfer” RNA

A

“shopper” binds to / carries

47
Q

Metabolism is…

A

the sum if all chemical reactions occurring in within the body

48
Q

Passive cellular movement

A

No ATP, needs gradient (difference)

49
Q

simple diffusion

A

high concentration to low concentration

50
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier molecules needed (walking ldy across street)

51
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

52
Q

isotonic solution

A

same osmotic pressure of body fluids

53
Q

hypertonic solution

A

greater osmotic pressure than body fluids

54
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower osmotic pressure than body fluids

55
Q

filtration is…

A

dissolved solubles move from areas of high to low pressure

56
Q

Active Transport

A

Moves against gradient, requires energy

57
Q

endocytosis is used to…

A
  • transport large substances into the cell in a smell vesicle
  • Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Recepto-mediated endcytosis
58
Q

Phagocytosis

A

non-specific cell eating (membrane extends and envelopes)

59
Q

Pinocytosis (pinot noir)

A

non specific cell drinking (membrane folds invaginating substance)

60
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

specific cell eating

61
Q

Exocytosis

A

uses vesicles to expel substances

62
Q

Transcytosis

A

combination of endo/exocytosis, rapidly move substance from one side to the other

63
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • fast
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • minimum ATP yield (anaerobic)
64
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • slow
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • yields 32-34 ATP (aerobic)
65
Q

Mitosis

A
  • occurs in all body cells
  • creates exact copy
  • most common
66
Q

Meiosis 8–D >->0

A
  • occurs in sex cells

- ensures variation

67
Q

Cellular Attachments - Tight Junctions

A

forms fluid tight seal

68
Q

Cellular Attachments - Desmosomes

A

“spot welds” provide anchoring reinforcement for tissues

69
Q

Cellular Attachments - Gap Junctions

A
  • work like a tube

- responsible for intercellular communication

70
Q

Muscle tissue is responsible for…

A
  • heat (thermogenesis)

- movement / maintenance

71
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Avascular (not well supplied with blood=nutrients via diffusion)
  • high mitotic activity
  • ## free surface / buried surface
72
Q

Simple Epithelial

A

single layer of cells, basement membrane, absorption/diffusion/filtration

73
Q

Psuedostratified Epithelial

A
  • 1 layer of mixed elongated cells
  • varying positon / heights of nuclei
  • only found in respiratory tract
74
Q

cell shapes

A

squamous (rapid movement of substances)
cuboidal (secretion, some absorption)
columnar (protection)

75
Q

stratified squamous

A
  • any cell layers
76
Q

simple columnar

A
  • ciliated / non-ciliated

- keratinized (contains protein) / non-keratinized

77
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

lines the bladder / ureter

78
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

produce/secrete biochemicals into ducts

79
Q

meocrine gland

A
  • secretes via exocytosis

- sweat, water, saliva

80
Q

appocrine gland

A
  • secretes via portion of cell breaking off

- mammary glands (thick substances)

81
Q

holocrine (holocaust) gland

A
  • entire cell breaks off

- fatty acids / proteins

82
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • most abundant in body
  • fills space binds structures
  • well vascularized
83
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • most common fixed type

- spindle shaped, many processes

84
Q

macrophage

A
  • phagocytic cell (eats bad shit)

- from white blood cells

85
Q

plasma cell

A
  • fixed cell that produces anti-bodies
86
Q

mast cells

A

responsible for inflammatory response

87
Q

collagenous fibers of cell matrix

A
  • white color

- very tough

88
Q

elastic fibers of cell matrix

A
  • yellow

- provides elasticity

89
Q

2 categories of connective tissue

A

Poper: dense/loose tissue
Specialized: cartilage, bone, blood

90
Q

areolar connective tissue

A
  • fills space/binds organs
91
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A
  • fibers run in 1 direction = strength in 1 direction
  • not stretchy
  • silvery white color
92
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • fibers run multiple directions = strength in multiple directions
93
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • most abundant
  • looks like bluish/white grass
  • walls of respiratory passage/ribcage
94
Q

fibrocartilage

A

shock absorber (ears)

95
Q

Bone / Blood

A
  • only solid connective tissue

- only liquid connective tissue

96
Q

Organs are defined as…

A

complex body structure composed of two or more different tissue types, grouped together to perform specific function

Surg Tech (14 decks)

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