A&P Unit 1 (Human Body) Test Flashcards
definition “Anatomy”
structure / form
definition “Physiology”
function / how something works
body plane: “Sagittal”
divides body into right left portions
body plane: “Coronal”
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
body plane: “Mid-sagittal”
divides body into equal right and left portions
superior/cephalic
one part being above the other / towards the head
inferior/caudal
a part being located below another part / towards the feet
anterior/ventral
a part being towards the front / towards the belly
posterior/dorsal
part being behind another / towards the back
medial
closer to the midline than another structure
lateral
farther from midline than another structure
bilateral
paired structures on both sides
ipsilateral
located on same side of midline of body
contralateral
located on opposite side of midline
proximal
located closer to trunk / point of origin
distal
located further from trunk / point of origin
superficial
located towards surface of body
peripheral
located away from body or another structure
Body Planes are…
imaginary plates that divide the body into portions
Membrane that lines organ is visceral or parietal?
organ = visceral
Membrane that lines box of serous cavity parietal or visceral?
cavity = parietal membrane
apendicular region of the body consists of and is responsible for?
upper and lower limbs / manipulation of environment & movement / no vital organs
axial region consists of
head / trunk / responsible for
The pelvis is
bowl-shaped pelvis protects and supports internal organs
2 gross body cavities are?
Dorsal body cavity (central nervous, trunk, head) / ventral body cavity (anterior aspect of trunk, organs (viscera)
thoracic cavity consists of
superior / anterior portion of trunk
Mediastinum of thoraic
separates pleural cavities of thoracic cavity into halves
Abdomino pelvic cavity
occupies inferior anterior portion of trunk
lined with peritoneum membrane
cranial cavity houses?
brains subdivision of dorsal body cavity
spinal (vertebral) cavity
houses the spine, subdivision of dorsal body cavity
4 types of tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscle
define tissue
group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function
The cell is….
the most basic and functional structural unit of a living organism
3 common structures of cell
cell membrane, cytosol (cytoplasm), nucleus
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer, allows lipid soluble substances to pass while preventing entrance of water, outer layer
cytoplasm
inside membrane, outside nutrients, contains organelles
ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell, aerobic respiration, generates atp
Cillia / flagella are for…
absorption / locomotion
Nucleus
- control center of cell
- contains genetic material of both parents
nuclear envelope
separates nucleus from the cytoplasm
chromatin / chromosomes
long coil of DNA
Nucleic Acid: DNA
- hold instructions
- double stranded
“forms the inherited genetic material inside each cell”
Nucleic Acid: RNA
- carries out the instructions coded in DNA strands
- 3 types
Function of “messenger” RNA
directs specific sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
Function of “transfer” RNA
“shopper” binds to / carries
Metabolism is…
the sum if all chemical reactions occurring in within the body
Passive cellular movement
No ATP, needs gradient (difference)
simple diffusion
high concentration to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
carrier molecules needed (walking ldy across street)
osmosis
the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
isotonic solution
same osmotic pressure of body fluids
hypertonic solution
greater osmotic pressure than body fluids
hypotonic solution
lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
filtration is…
dissolved solubles move from areas of high to low pressure
Active Transport
Moves against gradient, requires energy
endocytosis is used to…
- transport large substances into the cell in a smell vesicle
- Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Recepto-mediated endcytosis
Phagocytosis
non-specific cell eating (membrane extends and envelopes)
Pinocytosis (pinot noir)
non specific cell drinking (membrane folds invaginating substance)
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
specific cell eating
Exocytosis
uses vesicles to expel substances
Transcytosis
combination of endo/exocytosis, rapidly move substance from one side to the other
Glycolysis
- fast
- occurs in cytoplasm
- minimum ATP yield (anaerobic)
Aerobic Respiration
- slow
- occurs in mitochondria
- yields 32-34 ATP (aerobic)
Mitosis
- occurs in all body cells
- creates exact copy
- most common
Meiosis 8–D >->0
- occurs in sex cells
- ensures variation
Cellular Attachments - Tight Junctions
forms fluid tight seal
Cellular Attachments - Desmosomes
“spot welds” provide anchoring reinforcement for tissues
Cellular Attachments - Gap Junctions
- work like a tube
- responsible for intercellular communication
Muscle tissue is responsible for…
- heat (thermogenesis)
- movement / maintenance
Epithelial Tissue
- Avascular (not well supplied with blood=nutrients via diffusion)
- high mitotic activity
- ## free surface / buried surface
Simple Epithelial
single layer of cells, basement membrane, absorption/diffusion/filtration
Psuedostratified Epithelial
- 1 layer of mixed elongated cells
- varying positon / heights of nuclei
- only found in respiratory tract
cell shapes
squamous (rapid movement of substances)
cuboidal (secretion, some absorption)
columnar (protection)
stratified squamous
- any cell layers
simple columnar
- ciliated / non-ciliated
- keratinized (contains protein) / non-keratinized
Transitional Epithelium
lines the bladder / ureter
Glandular Epithelium
produce/secrete biochemicals into ducts
meocrine gland
- secretes via exocytosis
- sweat, water, saliva
appocrine gland
- secretes via portion of cell breaking off
- mammary glands (thick substances)
holocrine (holocaust) gland
- entire cell breaks off
- fatty acids / proteins
Connective Tissue
- most abundant in body
- fills space binds structures
- well vascularized
fibroblasts
- most common fixed type
- spindle shaped, many processes
macrophage
- phagocytic cell (eats bad shit)
- from white blood cells
plasma cell
- fixed cell that produces anti-bodies
mast cells
responsible for inflammatory response
collagenous fibers of cell matrix
- white color
- very tough
elastic fibers of cell matrix
- yellow
- provides elasticity
2 categories of connective tissue
Poper: dense/loose tissue
Specialized: cartilage, bone, blood
areolar connective tissue
- fills space/binds organs
dense regular connective tissue
- fibers run in 1 direction = strength in 1 direction
- not stretchy
- silvery white color
dense irregular connective tissue
- fibers run multiple directions = strength in multiple directions
hyaline cartilage
- most abundant
- looks like bluish/white grass
- walls of respiratory passage/ribcage
fibrocartilage
shock absorber (ears)
Bone / Blood
- only solid connective tissue
- only liquid connective tissue
Organs are defined as…
complex body structure composed of two or more different tissue types, grouped together to perform specific function
