a & P slides 25-50 Flashcards
during active expiration do you use your accessory muscles?
yes
how does active expiration further reduce the size of the thoracic cavity?
by pressing the abdomen and forcing more air out of the lungs beyond the passive expiration level.
How many cycles will an adult complete per minute of quiet tidal breathing?
12-18 cycles per minute.
how is one cycle of quiet tidal breathing defined?
one cycle of inspiration and expiration
What is the type of breathing that is considered to be respiration for life?
Quiet tidal breathing.
Dr, C said that we really should only do how many cycles of quiet tidal breathing during class but we do 12-18/ min?
6 cycles per minute (takes about 10 seconds to complete one cycle of exp and insp.
What are the 4 types of respiration?
Quiet inspiration
forced inspiration
passive expiration
active expiration
What type of inspiration utilizes the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles but not the accessory muscles?
Quiet inspiration
During forced inspiration what muscles are used?
diaphragm, external intercostals and many of the accessory muscles.
Give an example of when you would use forced inspiration?
when you are speaking
What type of expiration only uses the forces (gravity, torque and elasticity)?
passive expiration
why is passive expiration a passive process?
No muscles are used it is just the 3 forces (torque, gravity and elasticity)
T or F. During active expiration you use muscular effort to push beyond the resting position.
True.
What does FVC stand for?
Forced vital capacity. (all the air you can take in during 1 breath)
What does FEV1 stand for?
Forced expiratory volume in the 1st second.
What are the two methods used to measure/assess respiration?
the spirometer
and the manometer
Spirometer measures what?
it measures respiratory flow, volumes and lung capacity (FVC, FEV1)
What is spirometry measured in?
Liters or mL
What percent should the ratio between FVC and FEV1 be?
75%
What instrument measures air pressure?
manometer
what Is MIP?
Maximum inspiratory pressure
What is MEP?
Maximum expiratory pressure.
What two things does manometry measure?
MIP and MEP
What do you measure MIP and MEP in?
Centimeters of water
What applies a number to the amount of air in each compartment of the respiratory system (ie. alveoli)?
Is it:
a. volumes
b. capacities
a. volume (measured in ML or L)
What are more functional untis of measurement that represent a combination of volumes?
a. volumes
b. capacities
b. capacities (measured in ML or Liters)
What are the four types of volumes for respiration?
Tidal volume (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume (RV)
What type of volume measures the volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration?
Tidal volume (TV)
What does Inspiratory Reserve Volume measure?
The volume of air that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration (ex. yawn)
What does Expiratory Reserve volume measure?
the volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration. (FEV1)
What volume measures the amount remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume (RV)
What are the 2 lung capacities that you want to examine/assess for respiration?
Vital capacity (VC)/ (FVC) Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capacity/ Forced vital capacity measures what?
The volume of air that can be inhaled following maximal inspiration.
What capacity represents the capacity available for speech?
vital capacity
IRV + ERV + TV =
VC
What is the capacity that is = to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume?
Total lung capacity
TLC=IRV+ERV+RV
T or F. You must have enough air (volume/capacities) in order to get words out.
True
The respiratory system operates at two levels of pressure simultaneously. What are these two levels?
first: the constant supply of subglottal pressure required to drive the vocal folds.
2nd: the minimum power source to make the vocal folds move
what is the minimum power needed to make the vocal folds move?
3cm-5cm of H20
T or F. 3-4cm H20 will barely be heard.
True
What cm/h20 is required for conversational speech?
What dB?
It requires 7cm h20 or 65 db
what type of speech needs at least 12 cm H20 or 85 db?
louder speech
what is air pressure?
air pressure is the force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecules of air.
T or F. Pressure is force exerted on Area.
True (P=F/A)
What are the pressures of the respiratory system (4)?
Atmospheric pressure (Patm) Intraoral pressure (in the oral cavity) (Pm) Subglottal pressure (bellow the vocal folds) (Ps) Alveolar or lung pressure within the thoracic cavity (Pal)
What cavity does intraoral pressure measure?
The pressure in the oral cavity.
What type of pressure measure the pressure below the vocal folds?
Subglottal pressure
Alveolar or lung pressure measures pressure in what?
Measures pressure within the thoracic cavity.
What respiratory subsystem is responsible for voicing, or being the sound source?
the phonatory system
what is the structure needed for the phonation system?
larynx (v.folds)
What structures are the framework for the larynx (7)
hyoid bone epiglottis thyroid cartilage corniculate cartilages arytenoid cartilages cuneiform cartilages cricoid cartilage
what is the only floating bone in the body besides the patella?
hyoid bone
What is the name for the leaf-like cartilage that acts as a protective structure when it inverts to cover the laryngeal opening during swallowing?
epiglottis
What cartilage is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage
What cartilages form the posterior point of attachment for the vocal folds?
arytenoids- they ride on the high-backed upper surface of the cricoid cartilage
what cartilages ride on the high-backed surface of the cricoid cartilage.
arytenoids
What is the name of the cartilages that sit at the apex of the arytenoids and are horned-shaped?
Corniculate cartilages
What cartilages are paired wedge-shaped rods embedded within the arytenoids?
cuneiform cartilages
What cartilage completes the ring sitting on top of the trachea (it is shaped like a signet ring)?
Cricoid catilage
What type of bone is the hyoid bone made of?
osseous
What bone of the larynx is u-shaped
hyoid
What bone of the larynx supports the tongute?
hyoid bone
How many muscles does the hyoid bone serve as an attachment point for?
9
What are three elements of the hyoid bone?
- corpus/body of the hyoid bone is shiel like structure that forms the front of the bone
- lesser horn
- greater horn
What part of the hyoid bone serves as the point of attachment for 6 muscles?
a. corpus/body
b. lesser horn
c. greater horn
a. corpus/body
What are the 2 processes of the arytenoid cartilages?
vocal process
muscular process
What process of the arytenoid projects anteriorly toward the thyroid notch were the vocal folds attach?
vocal process
What process of the arytenoid serves as the point of attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct the vocal folds?
muscular process
the 2 processes of the arytenoid cartilage provide attachments for what 2 muscles?
thyromuscularis and the thyrovocalis
the conus elasticus connects what three cartilages in the larynx?
the thyroid, arytenoids and cricoid
T or F. Intrinsic ligaments connect the cartilages of the larynx and form the support structure for the cavity of the larynx as well as the vocal folds.
True
Are the quadrangular membrane(s) paired or not?
they are paired.
What paired membrane are the upper portion of the elastic membrane lining the larynx?
Quadrangular membrane
What connects the thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages
conus elasticus.
the ___________ _____________ form the entrance to the larynx?
aryepiglottic folds
what connects the arytenoids and the epiglottis?
aryepiglottic folds
How many layers make up the vocal folds?
5
What gives the vocal folds their white appearance?
squamous epithelium
what layer is compromised of three different tissues?
lamina propria
The inner most layer of the vocal folds or 5th layer under the lamina propria is?
the thyrovocalis muscle
what are the 5 layers of the v. folds?
epithelium lamina propria -superficial layer -intermediate layer -deep layer throarytenoid muscle: mad up of the thryovocalis muscle and the thyromuscularis muscle.
What two muscles make up the inner most layer of the vocal folds? (thyroarytenoid muscle)
Thyrovocalis and thyromusularis
what 3 layers make up the lamina propria?
superficial layer
intermediate layer
deep layer
Ventricular folds are also known or called what?
false vocal folds
what folds are not used in normal phonation?
false vocal folds (ventricular folds) (thick folds of mucous membranes that are above the true vocal folds)
Does Dr. C recommend that dr’s remove the epithelium layer to remove nodules?
NO!!!
False vocal folds are only used when the person is increasing the effort to talk like in a case of nodules or sick.
True.
What nerve innervates the larynx (motor)?
vagus (X)
The glossopharyngeal, and internal and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus innervate the larynx with sensory or motor connections?
sensory
RLN (X) innervates the larynx?
bellow the false v. folds
the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus innervates the larynx above the?
false vocal folds
what 3 branches does the vagus break into?
pharyngeal branch
superior laryngeal
recurrent laryngeal
what are the 3 functions of the larynx?
respiration
protection
phonation
what are two ways that the glottis provides protection to the larynx?
with cough reflex: gets foreign material out of glottis area
during swallowing: close glottis during swallowing protects the respiratory system
Describe the Bernoulli effect
at a constant volume flow of air at a point of constriction it decreases the pressure which increases the velocity of flow
(explains vfold vibration) (not a muscular event)
know the 10 stages of vibratory cycles
too long to write :)
What muscle adducts the arytenoid cartilages to close the glottis?
the LCA
what muscle pulls the arytenoid cartilages forward (loosening the vocal folds)
The TA’s
what muscle rotates the arytenoids laterally or abduct the vocal folds causing the vocal folds to open (opening the glottis)?
PCA
What muscle stretches the vocal chord and is responsible for pitch?
The CT
What are the forces/properties of phonation?
Ps
Tissue elasticity (Vfs): myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
constriction of airflow (Bernoulli effect)
laryngeal muscles
do men women or children have the highest frequency?
children
what is the average frequency of vf vibration for men?
100-150-dr c. said
110hz on ppt
what is the avg frequency of vf vibration for women?
180-220 hz
what is the avg vfold frequency for children?
300-400 Hz
in a piano going up one octave does what to the frequency?
doubles the frequecy
explain why mens v.folds vibrate slower? (have a lower frequency)
they have more mass
loudness =intensity/amplitude and is measured in dB what 2 things would you use to assess or measure these things?
sound pressure level (SPL) meter
LSVT companion software
Resonation acts as a…
filter (it filters sound through the vocal tract)
