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Voice test 1 a&p > a&p slide 1-25 > Flashcards

a&p slide 1-25 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three vocie subsytems?

A

Respiration (power source), Phonation (sound source), Resonation (filter).

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2
Q

What is the voice organ of the respiration subsystem?

A

Lungs (diaphragm, chest muscles, ribs, and abdominal muscles)

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3
Q

What is the organ for the phonatory system?

A

larynx (vocal folds)

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4
Q

What does the phonation system provide?

A

sound source

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5
Q

What is the respiratory subsytem role in sound production?

A

It provides and regulates air pressure to cause vocal folds to vibrate.

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6
Q

The resonation subsytem acts as a?

A

filter

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7
Q

What is the role of the resonation subsytem in sound production?

A

It changes the “buzzing sound” into a person’s recongnizeable voice.

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8
Q

What is the phanatory subsystems role in sound production?

A

vocal folds vibrate, changing air pressure to sound waves producing “voiced sound”, frequently described as a “buzzing sound”

varies pitch of sound.

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9
Q

What are the 3 things that happen to the respiratory system during inspiration?

A

During inspirationm, active muscle contraction occurs:

  1. Lungs inflate
  2. rib cage moves in a series of movements
  3. diaphragm pulls down (contracts)
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10
Q

what happens with the pressure of the lungs?

A

Space in the thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases creating negative pressure.
At this point, atmospheric pressure is greater so this positive pressure moves toward the negative pressure and follows the path of least resistance.

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11
Q

During inspiration is the atmospheric pressure more positive than the lung pressure or more negative?

A

more positive (greater)

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12
Q

During the inhalation phase of breathing, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity increases in three planes what are those 3 planes?

A

Vertical dimension, transverse (side-to-side) and anterior-posterior dimension.

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13
Q

What causes the thoracic cavity to increase in the vertical dimension during inhalation?

A

it is increased by the contraction of the dome-shaped diaphragm.

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14
Q

What causes the thoracic cavity to increase in the transverse dimension?

A

increased by the simultaneous forward and upward movement of the sternum.

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15
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

It is an active process stimulated by muscle contraction.

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16
Q

In order for inspiration to occur what must be expanded?

A

the lungs

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17
Q

what is the first step in increasing the lung volume? (what must be contracted)

A

it involves the contraction of principal inspiratiory muscles (diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles)

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18
Q

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

Deep abdominal breathing

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19
Q

What is clavicular breathing?

A

shallow breathing from excessive use of accessory muscles

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20
Q

during quiet breathing you normally use what muscle?

A

diaphragm

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21
Q

In forced respiration you begin to use what muscles? the diaphragm andd…..

A

accessory muscles

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22
Q

During forced inspiration, accessory muscles of inspiration are also involved in increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. T OR F?

A

True

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23
Q

The contraction of what muscle elevate the sternum?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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24
Q

The contraction of what elevates the superior ribs?

A

Scalenes

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25
Q

What does the scalenes elevate?

A

superior ribs

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26
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid elevate?

A

sternum

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27
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

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28
Q

what muscle of inspiration serves as a seperation between the thorax and abdomen?

A

Diaphragm

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29
Q

What muscle is one of the most important muscles besides the heart?

A

Diaphragm

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30
Q

What is the diaphragm shaped like?

A

an inverted bowl

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31
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach?

A

lower margin of the rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column.

32
Q

T or F the force of contraction of the diaphragm directs it downward toward the abdominal viscera?

A

True: this increases the dimensions of the thoracic cavity in the vertical dimension.

33
Q

Why is the diaphragm made up of striated skeletal muscle?

A

because it moves skeletal structures.

34
Q

What type of skeletal muscle is the diaphragm made of?

A

striated

35
Q

What muscle attaches to the inferior border of the rib cage, the xiphoid process and to the posterior aspect of the vertebral column?

A

The diaphragm.

36
Q

What is the middle portion of the diaphragm made up of?

A

a large leafy aponeurosis called the central tendon

37
Q

What is a aponeurosis?

A

is a sheetlike tendon

connective tissue which functions to attach muscle to bone

38
Q

What is the large leafy aponeurosis called that makes up the middle portion of the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon.

39
Q

Muscle fibers of the diaphragm radiate out from the central tendon and from what 3 attachments?

A
  1. the sternal, (sternum)
  2. Costal (rib)
  3. Vertebral (spinal) attachments
40
Q

What are the 2 functions of the diaphragm?

A 
muscle contracts (flattens) 
Muscle fibers shorten
41
Q

What nerve is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Phrenic

42
Q

Can the diaphragm be placed under voluntary control?

A

Yes

ex: when you hold your breath

43
Q

Is the diaphragm primarily under involuntary or voluntary control?

A

involuntary. (you have no choice but to breath)

life sustaining purposes

44
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

Hint:
There are a lot and they are broken down into groups (anterior, posterior, muscles of the neck and muscles of the thorax)

A

Anterior: external intercostals, internal intercostal (interchondral portion)

Posterior: levatores costarum (brevis and longis)
serratus posterior superior

Muscles of the neck: SCM (sternocleidomastoid), scalenes, trapezius

Muscles of the thorax, back and upper limb: pectoralis major/minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, levator scapulae, rhomboideous major/minor

45
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

Hint: Broken down into thoracic muscles and abdominal muscles

A 
Thoracic muscles:
internal intercostal (interosseous portion)
transversus thoracis
subcostal
serratus posterior inferior
innermost intercostal
latissimus dorsi
Abdominal muscles:
transverse abdominus
internal obliques abdominus
external oblique abdominus
rectus abdominus
quadratus lumborum
46
Q

the anterior thoracic muscles are responsible for what during expiration?

A

devreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

47
Q

What is the internal intercostal (bony portion) responsible for during expiration?

Hint: anterior muscle of the thorax)

A

support, protect and space the ribs

48
Q

What is the transversus thoracic abdominal muscle responsible for during expiration?

Hint: anterior muscle of the thorax

A

depressing the rib cage

49
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the thorax responsible for during expiration?

A

decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

50
Q

What is the subcostal (posterior muscle of the thorax) responsible for during expiration?

A

depresses the thorax

51
Q

What is the serratus posterior inferior responsible for during expiration?

(HINT: posterior muscle of the thorax)

A

depresses the lower ribs

52
Q

What is the innermost intercostal responsible for during expiration?

(Hint: posterior muscle of the thorax)

A

it depresses the rib cage.

53
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi responsible for during expiration?

(Hint: posterior muscle of the thorax)

A

it stabilizes the chest

54
Q

abdominal muscles:

A

They are like a cumberbund that wraps the abdomen neatly in the front, side and back

  • Function by compression of the abdominal viscera which aids in respiration and lifting
  • layers of the abdomen provide excellent support for the rib cage during lifting and other gestures
  • these gestures fix the thorax by inflating the lungs and closing off the vocal folds (vocal folds are adducted tightly during abdominal compression)
  • the abdominal musces help to compress the viscera while stabilizing the thorax at the same time
  • there is a large area of space to cover anteriorly so a tendinous structure called the abdominal aponeurosis provides a place of attachement for muscles to attach to the rib cage, vertebral column and pelvic girdle
  • The “Linea Alba” (white line) runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, which forms the midline structure for muscular attachment
  • layers of connective tissue serve as attachments for muscles of the abdomen
55
Q

What is the name of the white lie that runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphasis which forms the midlind structure for muscular attachment?

A

“linea alba”

56
Q

Layers of what kind of tissue serve as attachments for the muscles of the abdomen?

A

connective

57
Q

What is the function of the abdominal muscles?

A

compression of the abdominal viscera which aids in respiration and lifting

58
Q

What is the abdominal aponeurosis?

A

its a tendinous structure that provides a place of attachment for the muscles to attach to the rib cage, vertebral column and pelvic girdle

59
Q

What muscle is the deepest of the anterior abdominal muscles and also that contractions that reduces the abdominal volume?

A

transverse abdominis

60
Q

the internal oblique abdominis muscles are located between what 2 abdominal muscles?

A

external oblique abdominis and the transversus abdominis

61
Q

What 2 ways does the internal oblique abdominis contract?

A

Unilaterally and bilaterally
Unilaterally to rotate the trunk
bilaterally creates flexion of the trunk and compresses the abdomen

62
Q

What muscle is the most superficial of the abdominal muscles and is the largest?

A

External oblique abdominis

63
Q

what 2 ways does the external oblique abdominis contract?

A

Bilaterally and unilaterally:

Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column
unilateral: bends the vertebral column laterally and rotates it

64
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

prominent abdominal muscles of the midline region
-“rectangular” muscles appear in a series of 4 or 5 segements connected and seperated by tendinous intersections (each segment capable of independent contraction)
use of this muscle is essential for sit-ups
contraction compresses the abdominal contents and flexes the vertebral column.

65
Q

Quadratus Lumborum is located in?

A

the dorsal section of the abdominal wall

66
Q

What is the function fo the quadratus lumborum (both bilateral and unilateral contraction?

A

unilaterally- bends the body laterally “hikes” hip

bilateral: fixes the abdominal wall to support abdominal compression

67
Q

Is normal expiration a passive or active process?

A

Normal expiration is a passive process bc no muscular contractions are involved.

68
Q

Expiration eliminates?

A

waste products of respiration (ex: CO2)

69
Q

Does forced expiration involve muscle contractions?

A

Yes it is active

70
Q

When does expiration begin?

A

when the inspiratory muscles relax
as the intercostals relax the ribs move downward
as expiration begins the diaphragm relaxes
these movements decrease the verical and anterior-posterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity

71
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

The intercostals relax and ribs move downward

the diaphragm relazes and decreases the thoracic cavity in the vertical, and anterior-posterior dimensions.

72
Q

what are the 3 forces during passive expiration?

A
  1. torque
  2. elasticity
  3. gravity
73
Q

what is torque?

A

refers to the twisting of a shaft or a rib while not permitting one end to move.

74
Q

what is elasticity referring to?

A

to the chondral portion of the rib cage

75
Q

what does gravity do during expiration?

What happens when you are standing up?

A

allows the restoration of the rib cage to drop down to its resting state

(when standing or sitting upright gravity acts to pull the ribs down after expanding through the forces of the accessory muscles of inspiration)

(gravity works in favor of maximizing overall capacity bc it pulls the abdominal visceral down leaving more room for the lungs)

Voice test 1 a&p (6 decks)

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