A&P of Pregnancy E1

Question 1

Aspects pregnancy testing

Answer 1

HcG in urine/blood serum

Question 2

False positives/False Negatives

Answer 2

Positive: Anticonvulsants + Tranquilizers
Negatives: Diuretics + Promethezine

Question 3

Gravida Terminology

Answer 3

Number of pregnancies’
Primi-one
Nulli-none
Multi-multiple
Grandmultip >5 births
Greatgrandmultip > 10 births

Question 4

GPTAL vs GPAL

Answer 4

G - Gravida
T - Term (37+)
P - (20-36 6/7)
A - Abortions (less than 19 6/7)
L - Living children

In GPAL the P is number of pregnancies’ carried to 20 weeks

Question 5

Presumptive Signs

Answer 5

Amenorrhea (no period, N/V, frequent urination, breast changes, changes in abdomen, skin changes)

Question 6

Probable Signs

Answer 6

Hegars (softening of lower uterine segment found on palpatation
Goodells (softening of cervix)
Chadwicks (violet color to vagina, cervix and vulva)
Ballottment - when fetus floats away when palpated and returns to examiners
Positive pregnancy test

Question 7

Positive signs

Answer 7

Visualization (ultrasounds) Fetal movement or auscultation of fetal heart beat

Question 8

Blood flow in the uterus

Answer 8

1/6 total blood volume in system
Blood in uterus is 500 ml/minute
Cord at 4 mph

Question 9

What decreased blood flow

Answer 9

Contractions, supine positioning, low BP

Question 10

Fetal quickening

Answer 10

Felling the fetus move
Nullipara - 18-20 wks
Multipara - 14-16 wks

Question 11

Calculating due date

Answer 11

Nageles rule: First day of LMP count back 3 months and add 7 days
Early ultrasounds are best at determining conception periods

Question 12

Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

Answer 12

1st Tri BP: Same
2nd: Slight decrease
3rd: returns to prepregnancy
Blood volume: 1500 mL or 40-50% above pre preg levels
Red blood cell mass increases by 17%

Question 13

Respiratory Changes

Answer 13

Oxygen requirements increase (15-20%)
Estrogen relaxed the ligaments of ribcage (increases chest expansion)
The RR should stay unchanged or raise slightly

Question 14

MSK Changes

Answer 14

Relaxed joints, change in posture, pain/soreness, altered center of gravity

Question 15

Bowels

Answer 15

Slowed peristalsis, abdominal distention, flatulence (farts) constipation (r/t iron supplements)
Hemorrhoids r/t straining, constipation, pressure in pelvis

Question 16

Changes in Urinary system

Answer 16

Frequency, output increases, specific gravity decreases, smaller capacity, stress incontinence, UTI’s more common (r/t dilation of ureter + kidneys bc of progesterone’s)
Kidney stones more common

Question 17

Integumentary (Linea nigra, striae gravidarum, chloasma, palmar erythema)

Answer 17

Linea Nigra: dark line down middle of abdomen
Striae gravidarum: stretch marks
Chloasma: Hyperpigmentation of cheeks
Palmar erythema: red palms