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Excelsior A+P > A+P Neuro > Flashcards

A+P Neuro Flashcards

to prepare for E: A+P exam by the end of January 2013

1
Q

Perikaryon is another name for

A

Neuron cell body or soma

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2
Q

Neurons lack this organelle, due to their amitotic nature

A

centrioles

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3
Q

Neurofibrils play a role in cellular _ + _

A

transport and shape

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4
Q

Clusters of neurons in the CNS are named

A

nuclei

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5
Q

Clusters of neurons in the PNS are named

A

ganglia

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6
Q

Bundles of neuronal processes in the CNS

A

tracts

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7
Q

Bundles of neuronal processes in the PNS

A

nerves

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8
Q

Dendrites send info ___ the soma

A

to

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9
Q

Axons send info __ the soma

A

from

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10
Q

Impulses through dendrites are __ potentials

A

graded

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11
Q

Each soma has up to __ axon

A

1

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12
Q

A branch off an axon is called an __ __

A

axon collateral

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13
Q

Axon collaterals branch from axons at the __ of __

A

nodes of Ranvier

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14
Q

Ends of axons/collaterals are typically 10,000+ branches called ___

A

telodendria

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15
Q

The fatty ___ protects and insulates the axon while increasing impulse speeds

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by

A

oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

Gray matter is composed of

A

neuronal cell bodies

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19
Q

White matter is composed of

A

myelin sheaths

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20
Q

Name the structural classifications of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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21
Q

Of the structural classifications of neurons, which is most common in the CNS?

A

Multipolar

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22
Q

Of the structural classifications of neurons, which is most common in human adults?

A

Multipolar

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23
Q

Can a multipolar neuron have 0 axons?

A

yes

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24
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

PNS

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25
Q

In unipolar neurons, the central process leads to the __

A

axon terminal

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26
Q

In unipolar neurons, the distal process leads to the

A

dendrites

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27
Q

Name the functional classifications of neurons

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), association (interneurons)

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28
Q

Of the functional classifications, which is most prevalent?

A

interneurons (association)

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29
Q

Motor neurons are (afferent, efferent)

A

Efferent

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30
Q

Supportive cells in the CNS are termed

A

Glial cells, or neuroglia

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31
Q

Which glial cell transforms into a macrophage?

A

Microglia

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32
Q

Which glial cell serves as antigen-presenting cell?

A

Astrocytes

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33
Q

Which glial cell helps circulate CSF?

A

Endymal cells

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34
Q

Which glial cell anchors neurons to capillaries?

A

Astrocytes

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35
Q

Which is the most abundant glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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36
Q

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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37
Q

Supporting cells in the PNS are called

A

Schwann cells

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38
Q

Usual neuronal membrane resting potential

A

-70mV

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39
Q

Inside of neuron is more (negative, positive) than outside during rest

A

negative

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40
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump helps restore the cell to resting membrane potential from undershoot by pumping 3 __ ions out of the cell

A

Na+

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41
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump sends 2 __ ions into the cell

A

K+

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42
Q

The Sodium-Potassium channel pump is __ -driven

A

ATP

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43
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump works via __ transport

A

active

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44
Q

Resting neurons have relatively high levels of

A

K+

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45
Q

Resting neurons have relatively low levels of

A

Na+

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46
Q

__ - influx leads to AP

A

Na+

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47
Q

In this type of potential, response is directly related to strength of stimulus

A

Graded potential

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48
Q

Graded potentials are (short/long)-acting

A

short

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49
Q

The main form of neuronal interaction

A

Action Potentials

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50
Q

Only __ can generate action potentials

A

axons

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51
Q

Reduction in membrane negativity, making action potential more likely

A

depolarization

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52
Q

Increase in membrane negativity, decreasing probability of action potential

A

hyperpolarization

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53
Q

During the resting phase, all voltage-gated ion channels are closed by __ can leak out of the cell

A

K+

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54
Q

After the action potential has been reached, there is a large __ efflux

A

K+

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55
Q

Closing K+ channels are sluggish, causing a __ after the action potential

A

undershoot

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56
Q

These potentials are all-or-none

A

action potentials

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57
Q

Disease in which myelin sheaths are destroyed, altering motor function, vision, incontinence

A

MS multiple sclerosis

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58
Q

Decrease in threshold potential resulting from rapidly stimulating the same neuronal tracts and causing faster propagation

A

Facilitation

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59
Q

Term referring to the electrical signal jumps between myelin sheaths

A

saltatory conduction

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60
Q

Period during which an AP is being generated and the neuron cannot respond to any other stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

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61
Q

Occurs after the absolute refractory period, action potential may occur if stimulus is strong enough

A

relative refractory period

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62
Q

This, the less common synapse type, allows rapid flow of ions between neurons

A

Electrical synapse

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63
Q

More common type of synapse, releases NT

A

Chemical

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64
Q

Depolarization leads to calcium _

A

influx

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65
Q

This ion is the chemical messenger signaling release of NT from storage vesicles

A

calcium

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66
Q

Was the first identified NT

A

ACh

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67
Q

overproduction of dopamine is related to this mental illness

A

schizophrenia

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68
Q

incoming signal to fiber is sent several different directions/parts of the circuit

A

divergence

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69
Q

multiple sources inform same neuronal pool

A

convergence

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70
Q

Peripheral NS divides into the somatic and ___ nervous systems

A

autonomic

71
Q

The afferent and efferent NS are divisions of the _ nervous system

A

somatic

72
Q

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are part of the __

A

autonomic nervous system

73
Q

the cranial nerves are part of the __ NS

A

peripheral, PNS

74
Q

The first cranial nerve is __

A

olfactory nerve

75
Q

The Olfactory nerve is purely senory/motor and manages sense of ___

A

sensory, smell

76
Q

The second cranial nerve is __

A

optic

77
Q

The Optic nerve is (sensory/motor)

A

sensory only

78
Q

This nerve provides sensory information about vision

A

Optic

79
Q

The third cranial nerve is

A

Oculomotor

80
Q

the oculomotor nerve is mostly (sensory/motor)

A

motor

81
Q

The __ nerve controls most eye movements

A

Oculomotor

82
Q

The 4th cranial nerve is ___

A

Trochlear

83
Q

The Trochlear nerve is mostly (sensory/motor)

A

motor

84
Q

The Trigeminal nerve is (sensory/motor/both)

A

both

85
Q

The 5th cranial nerve is the __

A

trigeminal nerve

86
Q

which cranial nerve receives facial sensory input and controls muscles of mastication

A

Trigeminal

87
Q

The 6th cranial nerve

A

Abducens

88
Q

Abducens nerve is mostly (sensory/motor)

A

motor

89
Q

7th Cranial nerve

A

Facial

90
Q

Facial nerve is motor/sensory/both

A

both

91
Q

This cranial nerve controls facial muscle control and receives sensory input from part of the tongue

A

Facial

92
Q

8th cranial nerve

A

Vestibulocochlear

93
Q

Is the vestibulocochlear nerve mostly motor/sensory

A

sensory

94
Q

Which cranial nerve senses sound, rotation and gravity?

A

Vestibulocochlear

95
Q

9th cranial nerve

A

glossopharyngeal

96
Q

Is the glossopharyngeal nerve motor/sensory/both?

A

both

97
Q

10th cranial nerve

A

Vagus

98
Q

Is the Vagus nerve motor/sensory/both?

A

both

99
Q

This cranial nerve provides muscular function to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, parasympathetic innervation to abdominothoracic organs, and damage to it effects swallowing

A

Vagus

100
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A

Accessory

101
Q

the Accessory nerve is mainly motor/sensory

A

motor

102
Q

this cranial nerve controls the shrug

A

Accessory

103
Q

12th cranial nerve

A

Hypoglossal

104
Q

Hypoglossal nerve is mainly motor/sensory

A

motor

105
Q

This cranial nerve innervates tongue, helps with swallowing and speech

A

Hypoglossal

106
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

107
Q

How many cervical nerves?

A

8

108
Q

How many thoracic nerves?

A

12

109
Q

How many lumbar nerves?

A

5

110
Q

How many sacral nerves?

A

5

111
Q

How many coccygeal nerves?

A

1

112
Q

Dorsal root carries sensory/motor axons?

A

sensory

113
Q

Ventral root carries sensory/motor axons?

A

motor

114
Q

The forebrain is also called the

A

prosencephalon

115
Q

The prosencephalon is another term for the

A

forebrain

116
Q

The forebrain includes these two regions

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

117
Q

The telencephalon and diencephalon form the ___

A

forebrain (prosencephalon)

118
Q

The ____ includes the lateral ventricles, cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and rhinencephalon

A

telencephalon

119
Q

The ____ includes the third ventricle, epithalamus, thalamus, metathalamus, and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

120
Q

The Neural ___ eventually forms all neural tissue

A

neural plate

121
Q

The neural __ eventually forms all CNS structures

A

neural tube

122
Q

The neural plate invaginates during the 3rd-4th week of pregnancy to form the

A

neural tube

123
Q

The cortical ridges are called

A

gyri

124
Q

the cortical grooves are called

A

sulci

125
Q

This large brain area controls consciousness, including perceptions, communication, memory, comprehension, appreciation, and initiation of voluntary movements

A

cerebral cortex

126
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of __ matter

A

gray

127
Q

__ cells allow conscious control of skeletal muscle

A

pyramidal

128
Q

Primary motor cortex is found in this lobe

A

frontal

129
Q

Somatosensory cortex is found in this lobe

A

parietal

130
Q

Speech/motor area of left hemisphere

A

Broca’s Area

131
Q

Visual cortex is found in this lobe

A

occipital

132
Q

the nose brain

A

rhinencephalon

133
Q

which lobe contains the rhinencephalon

A

temporal lobe

134
Q

This structure is composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

A

basal nuclei

135
Q

This brain area influences movements, particularly stopping/starting and its destruction results in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Basal nuclei

136
Q

The major relay station of the brain

A

thalamus

137
Q

This brain area is responsible for homeostasis: olfactory relay center, emotional response/behavior, body temp, hunger/thirst, sleep/wake, BP, HR, Respiratory Rate and depth, cardiac contractility, GI motility, sex drive

A

hypothalamus

138
Q

The __thalamus contains the choroid plexus, produces CSF

A

epithalamus

139
Q

The __ plexus forms CSF

A

choroid

140
Q

The choroid plexus is found in the

A

epithalamus

141
Q

The midbrain is also called the __encephalon

A

mesencephalon

142
Q

The mesencephalon is another term for the

A

midbrain

143
Q

The cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, and corpora quadrigemina form the

A

Midbrain/mesencephalon

144
Q

The brain stem includes these 3 structures

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

145
Q

This portion of the midbrain houses pyramidal motor tracts

A

cerebral peduncles

146
Q

This portion of the midbrain connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

147
Q

This portion of the midbrain houses visual reflex, auditory relay, and startle reflex centers

A

corpora quadrigemina

148
Q

The hindbrain is also called the __encephalon

A

rhomencephalon

149
Q

The fourth ventricle, metencephalon, and myelencephalon compose the

A

hindbrain/rhombencephalon

150
Q

The cerebellum and pons compose the

A

metencephalon

151
Q

the medulla oblongata is also called the

A

myelencephalon

152
Q

__ is the origin of the trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves as well as the pneumotaxic center; also part of the reticular formation

A

pons

153
Q

the decussation of pyramids is housed here

A

medulla

154
Q

cardiovascular, respiratory, vomit/hiccup/swallow/cough/sneeze centers here, informed by the hypothalamus

A

medulla

155
Q

The hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and vestibulocochlear nerves attach here

A

medulla

156
Q

Smooth, coordinated muscle movements are controlled subconsciously here

A

cerebellum

157
Q

T/F, the blood brain barrier allows flow of glucose, essential amino acids, and some electrolytes via facilitation diffusion

A

True

158
Q

CSF is formed from

A

blood plasma

159
Q

CSF is formed by the __ of each ventricle

A

choroid plexus

160
Q

T/F CSF transports hormones

A

True

161
Q

The ascending tracts of the spinal cord send sensory/motor info

A

sensory

162
Q

The descending tracts of the spinal cord send motor/sensory info

A

motor

163
Q

The posterior columns, spinothalamic pathways and spinocerebellar pathways are ascending/descending tracts

A

ascending

164
Q

The _ tracts are responsible for conveying input on pain, temperature, deep pressure, and coarse touch (of the ascending tracts)

A

spinothalamic

165
Q

The __ tracts are responsible for sending muscle or tendon stretch input (of ascending tracts)

A

spinocerebellar

166
Q

the __ pathways are responsible for transmission of skin proprioceptor input, discriminate touch/pressure and limb/joint position (of ascending tract)

A

dorsal column

167
Q

The categories of descending spinal tracts are

A

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

168
Q

The descending corticospinal tract is pyramidal/extrapyramidal

A

pyramidal

169
Q

The __ tract (of descending tracts) transmits voluntary skeletal muscle, precise/skilled movement

A

corticospinal

170
Q

The ___ category of the descending tract regulate axial muscle control of balance/posture, coarse movements of proximal limbs, and head/neck/eye movements

A

extrapyramidal

171
Q

__ of extrapyramidal descending tract controls muscle tone of contralateral distal limb movements

A

rubrospinal

172
Q

The __ tract of extrapyramidal descending pathway controls visceral motor function, maybe unskilled movements

A

reticulospinal

173
Q

visceral

A

deep

Excelsior A+P (4 decks)

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