A&P intro100

Question 1

Homeostatis

Answer 1

biochemical and physiological balance in the body

Question 2

cranial cavity

Answer 2

Formed by the facial and cranial bones and houses & protects the brain

Question 3

Vertebral cavity (aka spinal)

Answer 3

Formed by the vertebral bones and houses & protects the spinal cord.

Question 4

thoracic cavity

Answer 4

Formed by the ribs/sternum anteriorly and laterally, the spine posteriorly, and the diaphragm inferiorly.
Houses & protects the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, & aorta.

Question 5

feedback systems 3 components

Answer 5

3 main components to feedback systems:
receptor – monitors and detects the change or stimulus affecting homeostasis
control center – analyzes and integrates this stimulus
effector – carries out the command from the control center to restore homeostasis

Question 6

Negative feedback

Answer 6

decrease of the original stimulus which restores homeostasis

Question 7

Positive feedback

Answer 7

In a positive feedback system, the effector causes more of the original stimulus to occur (usually until the physiological process is over

Question 8

General Characteristics Concerning Living Organisms

Answer 8

METABOLISM – the set of biochemical processes (chemical reactions) which sustain life:
E.g. The breakdown of glucose into ATP (energy source) & the production of glycogen (energy storage). 2 processes involved:
-Catabolism – breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
-Anabolism – building up of smaller molecules into larger ones

RESPONSIVENESS – the ability to respond to stimuli (both internal and external). E.g. Moving towards the fridge when you’re hungry (which is responding to an INTERNAL stimulus – i.e. hunger).

MOVEMENT – the ability to generate movement. E.g. Kicking a football!

GROWTH – the ability to increase in size E.g. Muscle and bone growth during childhood.

DIFFERENTIATION – the ability of a cell to change into a more specialized cell type (i.e. one with unique characteristics and properties). E.g. All blood cells are derived from hematopoetic stem cells which then differentiate into the various types of blood cells (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc.).
Reproduction – the ability to reproduce either sexually (e.g. humans) or asexually (e.g. bacteria) to propagate genetic information

Question 9

pathology

Answer 9

study of disease

Question 10

condition

Answer 10

the physiological, mental, or emotional state of a person.

Question 11

signs

Answer 11

an objective abnormality that is measurable (e.g. body temp, mucus production)
something we can measure

Question 12

symptoms

Answer 12

subjective abnormality felt/expressed by the patient (e.g. fatigue, lethargy, nausea)
something we can’t measure

Question 13

syndrome

Answer 13

a collection of symptoms & signs (AIDS, Down’s,

Question 14

epidemiology

Answer 14

the study of the statistics of a disease or condition, its occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases within human populations (e.g. How AIDs, SARS, and bird flu came about

Question 15

etiology

Answer 15

the study of all the factors that cause the disease (e.g. pathogens, genetics, environment, diet)

Question 16

immunogenic

Answer 16

causes an immune reaction in the body

Question 17

insidious

Answer 17

gradual onset; progressive

Question 18

idiopathic

Answer 18

not sure of the cause

Question 19

oncogenic/carcinogenic

Answer 19

cancer causing

Question 20

iatrogenic

Answer 20

medically induced (cross reactions to certain mediations)

Question 21

non-socomial

Answer 21

hospital derived (usually bacteria or viral

Question 22

acute

Answer 22

recently acquired

Question 23

chronic

Answer 23

long term recurring

Question 24

diagnostic methods RADIOGRAPHY

Answer 24

x-ray beams (electrons) are shot at high speeds through your body. Depending on their density, body tissues absorb and/or block the beams in varying amounts (creating a shadow).

Question 25

CAT SCAN- COMPUTER (AXIAL) TOMOGRAPHY

Answer 25

The basic premise is the same as plain film
radiographs (uses x-rays), however, the x-ray
tube rotates around the patient shooting
narrow beams of x-rays through the body. A
computer then generates a 3-D image

Question 26

ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Answer 26

Ultrasonic waves are reflected off of internal structures to produce an image called a sonogram. Note that dolphins, whales, bats and even humans use ultrasound too (echolocation).

Question 27

MAGENTIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Answer 27

This incredible technology relies on the fact that
our tissues are mainly made of water. It uses a
really strong magnet and radiofrequency
currents to excite and then detect changes in
the direction of the rotational axis of protons.
Don’t understand!? This will make MORE sense in a class
or two. For now, just watch the video below (interest only). 

MRI is the diagnostic gold standard for soft-tissues!!!

Question 28

NUCLEAR MEDICINE SCANNING

Answer 28

radioactive tracers are usually injected into the body. These substances are then taken up by specific cells/molecules which then allows specially designed cameras to track their path. The images are then compiled by a computer into an image that displays intense colors in areas of high activity (e.g. tumor growth). Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans are both examples of this (the main difference in the type of radioactive tracer used).

Question 29

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

Answer 29

A type of nuclear medicine scanning in which a radioactive tracer is injected, inhaled or ingested into the body which then accumulates in areas of higher chemical activity. These tracers emit positrons which therefore allows them to be imaged

Question 30

ENDOSCOPY

Answer 30

Visual examination of an internal cavity or organ with a camera. Examples are colonoscopy, laparoscopy, & arthroscopy.