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A&P Ch 3 Flashcards

cellular form and function

1
Q

cell shapes

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, spheroid, discoid, fusiform, fibrous

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2
Q

squamous

A

best for diffusion, flat, squished

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3
Q

cuboidal

A

squarish looking. liver cells

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4
Q

columnar

A

taller than wide. inner lining of cells in the stomach

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5
Q

polygonal

A

irregular angular shapes with for, five or more sides

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6
Q

stellate

A

multiple pointed processes. starlike shape. nerve cells

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7
Q

spheroid

A

round to oval. eggs cells and white blood cells

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8
Q

discoid

A

disc shaped, red blood cells

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9
Q

fusiform

A

spindle shaped, elongated. thick middle and tapered ends. smooth muscle cells

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10
Q

fibrous

A

long, slender, threadlike. skeletal muscle cells, axons of nerve cells

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11
Q

cell size

A

limited due to the fact that surface area does not increase at the same rate as volume

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12
Q

cell surface

A

phosphate group, hydrophillic (cookie), hydrophobic fatty acid (inside of cookie), membrane protein, and intercellular space

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13
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic portion, hydrophobic portion. permeable to little bit of H2O, O2/CO2, small lipids

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14
Q

hydrophilic portion

A

made of phosphate, found on the outside of the membrane.

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15
Q

hydrophobic portion

A

made up of fatty acids, found on the inside of the membrane.

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16
Q

cholesterol

A

regulates fluidity, moderates the effect of temperature. keeps membranes from melting.

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17
Q

membrane proteins

A

50% of the membrane by weight. 2% by number. have numerous functions

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18
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

receptors, enzymes, channel proteins, carriers, second messenger systems, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules

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19
Q

second messenger system

A

g proteins

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20
Q

enzymes

A

brush border enzymes

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21
Q

channel proteins

A

Na+ channels. may be turned on by a ligand, a voltage change or a mechanical stress.

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22
Q

carriers

A

glucose transporters

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23
Q

cell identity markers

A

MHCs involved in immune system

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24
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

sperm, egg binding

25
Q

second messengers

A

collection of proteins that pass a signal from outside the cell to inside the cell.

26
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate coat on the cell surface. functions in immunity & cell recognition and adhesion

27
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane, create the brush boarder of a cell. actin filaments at base. functions in absorbtion

28
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections. 5x longer than microvilli. full of microtubules. some can move. some cant

29
Q

flagella

A

long whiplike structure. 5x longer than cilia. made of microtubules. move sperm

30
Q

filtration

A

process by which particles are driven between cells by hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. requires zero energy

32
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

33
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by one solution on another solution, when they are separated by a semi permeable membrane and have different solute concentrations. pulls fluid from tissues back into blood vessels

34
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushes fluid from blood vessels to tissues

35
Q

osmolarity

A

the sum of the molarities of all the solutes in a solution

36
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure of a cell

37
Q

carrier mediated transport

A

occurs through a membrane protein. can use facilitated diffusion or active transport

38
Q

uniport

39
Q

symport

A

2 solutes, same direction. Na+ & glucose

40
Q

antiport

A

2 solutes, different directions. Na+/K+ pump

41
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

Na+/K+. active transport. regulates cell volume, heat production, maintenance of a membrane potential.

42
Q

vesicular transport

A

endocytosis, transcytosis, exocytosis

43
Q

endocytosis

A

phagocytosis=cell eating. occurs only in specialized cells. ex. macrophages. pinocytosis=cell drinking, occurs in most cells. receptor mediated endocytosis.

44
Q

transcytosis

A

in the cell and out the other side. ex. cells lining blood vessels

45
Q

exocytosis

A

secretion of substances made in the cell. ex. glandular cells.

46
Q

microfilaments

A

thni and long. actin is a microfilament. changes in cell shape, micovilli

47
Q

intermediate filaments

A

thicker, vary from tissue to tissue. maintain cell shape

48
Q

microtubules

A

thickest, tubulin is the building block. cell division, cilia, flagella, intercellular transport, organelle organization

49
Q

nucleus

A

membrane bound, round, central organelle with nuclear pores. contains genetic material and nucleoli

50
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane bound, interconnected channels. rough er and smooth er

51
Q

rough er

A

protein, phospholipid synthesis

52
Q

smooth er

A

steroid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

53
Q

ribosomes

A

small granules of protein and RNA. no membrane, may be loose or bound to rER. protein synthesis

54
Q

Golgi complex

A

membrane bound, flattened sacs. carb synthesis, modification of proteins, make lysosomes

55
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound sac with digestive enzymes, acid pH. digest nutrients, eats bacteria. uterine shrinkage post delivery

56
Q

peroxisomes

A

membrane bound sac eith free radical scavengers. neutralize free radicals. detoxification of alcohol

57
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane bound. inner membrane is highly convoluted. cell respiration, many are found in lysosomes

58
Q

centrioles

A

cylinder of microtubules. cell division, forms basal body of cilia

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