A&P Flashcards
What connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum
Name the 2 layers of matter
Outer and inner
What makes up the outer layer of matter?
Grey matter and cerebral cortex
What makes up the inner layer of matter
White matter
What is contained in the grey matter?
Sulcus/sulcus: grooves
Gurus/Gyri: ridges
Fissures: deep grooves that divide lobes
What is contained in the white matter?
Nerve fibers (axons) sheathed in myelin
Name the lobes of the brain
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
What is dura matter?
Outermost meningeal layer
-Inner layer of dura
+ thick, epidural space is between inner and outer layers
-Outer layer of dura
+ equivalent to the periosteum of the skull bones
What is the Arachnoid
- Separated by the dura matter by the subdural space.
- Thin membrane that encompasses the brain and spinal meninges
- Contains various sizes of blood vessels
What makes up the brain meninges?
Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pics matter
What is the Pia matter?
- Separated from the arachnoid by the subarachnoid layer where CSF flows
- Vascular, innermost layer that covers the entire brain and spinal cord
Name the components of the Parietal lobe
Anterior parietal
Left parietal
Right parietal
Where is the parietal lobe located?
Top of the head
What is the anterior parietal lobe responsible for?
Primary sensory cortex
Ability to process sensory input (touch, pressure, vibration)
What is the L parietal lobe responsible for?
The ability to comprehend numbers and object manipulation in space
What is the R parietal lobe responsible for?
Ability to determine body position in relation to surrounding objects
Where is the occipital lobe located?
Posterior to the parietal lobe in the back of the head
What does the occipital lobe do?
Visual-spatial perception Color recognition Motion perception Involuntary smooth eye movements Fixation reflex
Interpretation of visual sensory signals
Where is the temporal lobe located?
On either side of the brain, near the ears, separated from the other lobes by the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissures)
What does the temporal lobe do?
-Primary auditory cortex
-Intellectual ability and personality aspects such as tastes in music, art, experiences
-Receptive speech (Wernicke’s area in the primary auditory cortex)
-Memory
-Smell interpretation
Coding visual memory
Language comprehension
What is the cerebellum?
Responsible for movement coordination, maintaining balance, and position sense
What does the cerebellum do?
- Controls signals between pons and spinal cord
- Coordinates posture, balance, muscle tone, and voluntary muscle activity
- Affects general language and cognition
What are the parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
- Top of the brainstem near the thalamus
- Coordinates eye movement
- Origin of cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
- Maintains CV and respiratory functions
Where is the pons?
Middle of the brainstem- fat bulging part
What does the pons do?
- Origin of CN V- VIII
- relay center. Controls signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
- Maintains respiratory drive, balance, sleep
- Contains the reticular formation which maintains consciousness
What is the medulla oblongata?
- Connects to spinal cord at foramen magnum
- Origin of CN XII, IX , X, XI
- Controls HR, RR, balance, vomiting, cough, sneeze, swallow, and other digestive functions.
What is the diencephalon?
Grey matter structures between the r/l hemispheres
What structures make up the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
What does the thalamus do?
- Controls signals to and from cerebral cortex and brainstem
- Affects LOC, hearing, vision, taste, and other bodily sensations (heat, pain, pressure)
What does the hypothalamus do?
- Coordinates autonomic nervous system with endocrine function
- affects temp, BP, sleep, hunger/thirst, and sexual behavior
What does the pituitary gland do?
- it’s located under the hypothalamus
- master gland and affects many other glands
What does the pituitary gland secrete?
Anterior pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones
Anterior pituitary hormones are responsible for
Metabolism Lactation Ovulation Growth Immune function Gluconeogenesis BP
Posterior pituitary hormones are responsible for
Labor
Delivery
Lactation
BP
What does the basal ganglia do?
- Controls signals between the primary cortex and the brainstem
- coordinates movements
- Voluntary muscle movement
What is the brainstem
Most primitive part of brain.
Autonomic reflexes
Fight or flight
Anatomy of a Nerve cell
Cell body
Axon covered by myelin sheath
Dendrites
What is contained in the grey matter?
The neuron cell body
What does the limbic system do?
Coding memory and emotion
Where is the motor cortex and what does it do?
Located at the junction of the parietal and frontal lobe.
It is responsible for muscle contraction
What does the frontal lobe do?
Movement
Behavior
Where and what is Wernicke’s area
Lies at the temporoparietal area
Responsible for language comprehension
What and where is Broca’s area
Responsible for speech production and is located in the frontal lobe
What is the amygdala
Management of stress, rage, and anxiety
Emotional amplifier
