A+P Flashcards
What are the 3 muscles in the hamstring?
Bicep femoris
Semitendenosis
Semimemdinosis
What are the 9 muscles in the hip?
Iliopsoas Piriformis Pectineus Abductor brevis Abductor longus Abductor Magnus Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus
What are the three muscles in the ankle?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
What movement can occur at the ankle joint?
Planta flexsion
Dorsa flexsion
Rotation
What are the articulating bones in the ankle joint?
Fibia
Tibia
Tarsels
What type of joint is the ankle?
Hinge
What are the agonists of the ankle joint?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
What is the joint type of the wrist?
Condyloid
What bones articulate in the wrist?
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
What movement is possible at the wrist?
Flexsion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
What muscles act as the prime movers in the wrist?
Flexors
Extensors
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge
What bones articulate in the elbow?
Humorous
Radius
Ulna
What movement is possible at the elbow?
Flexion
Extension
What muscles are the prime movers in the elbow?
Bicep brachii
Tricep brachii
What type of joint is the shoulder?
Ball and socket
What bones articulate in the shoulder?
Humerus
Scapula
What movement is possible at the shoulder?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Horizontal flexion Horizontal extension
What are the 7 prime movers in the shoulder?
Anterior deltoid Posterior deltoid Middle deltoid Latissimus dorsi Subsacpularis and teres major Infrasprinatus and teres minor Pecoralis major
What type of joint is the hip?
Ball and socket
What bones articulate in the hip?
Femur
Ilium
What movement is possible at the hip?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation
What are the 6 prime movers in the hip?
Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Adductor longus Adductor Magnus Adductor brevis
What type of joint is the knee?
Hinge
What bones articulate in the knee?
Femur
Tibia
Patella
What movement is possible at the knee
Flexion
Extension
Which 7 muscles act as the prime movers in the knee?
Bicep femoris Semmimembranosus Semmitendinousus Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis
What are the three types of muscular contractions?
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric
What are the 3 types of fibres?
Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
What are the 3 planes of movement?
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
What movement is on the sagittal plane?
Flexion
Extension
Dorsaflexion
Plantarflexion
What movement is there on the frontal plane?
Abduction
Adduction
What movement is there on the transverse plane?
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
What is a motor neurone?
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
What is a motor unit?
A motor neurone and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axons
What is the all or none law?
When a motor unit receives a stimulus and creates an action potential that reaches a threshold charge, the muscles connected to that motor unit contract but if the action potential doesn’t reach the threshold then there is no contraction
What is the first role of a motor unit?
Nerve impulses initiated in the motor neurone cell body.
What is the second role in the motor unit?
Nerve impulse conducts down the axiom of the motor neurone by a nerve active potential to the synaptic cleft
What is the third role of the motor unit?
Acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulses across the gap
What is the fourth role of the motor unit?
If the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibres will contract
What are 3 of the structural characteristics of slow oxidative fibres?
Small neurone size
High mitochondria density
High capillary density
What are 3 structural characteristics for fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?
Large neurone size
Moderate mitochondria density
High capillary density
What are three structural characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?
Large neurone size
Low mitochondria density
Low capillary density
What are 3 functional characteristics of slow oxidative fibres?
Slow contraction speed
High fatigue resistance
Low force of contraction
What are 3 functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?
Fast contraction speed
Moderate fatigue resistance
High force of contraction
What are 3 functional characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?
Fast contraction speed
Low fatigue resistance
High force of contraction
What is the difference between an atrium and a ventricle?
Ventricles have thicker walls for stronger contractions
Define cardiac output
Amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in one minute
Define stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
What are the resting values for cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate?
Q=5.04L
SV=70ml
HR=72bpm
Define venous return
The return of blood to the hearts right atrium through the veins
What contains the cardiac control centre?
Medulla oblongata
What are the 3 factors that affect CCC?
Neural
Intrinsic
Hormonal
What are the 3 neural receptors?
Chemo receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioreceptors
What does a chemoreceptor do?
Detects a build up of lactic acid and stimulates sympathetic nerve to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
It also detects CO2
What does a baroreceptor do?
Detects blood pressure increase. If the blood pressure increases too much then the medulla oblongata will signal the parasympathetic nerve to increase heart rate.
What do proprioreceptors do?
Detect muscle movement. The medulla oblongata sends impulses to the parasympathetic nerve to increase the heart rate to increase: Q, SV and HR
What are the 2 intrinsic factors of CCC?
Temperature
Increase in venous return
What does temperature do?
As the temperature increases so does heart rate
What does an increase of venous return do?
Because HR and SC increase, the walls of the atrium is stretched more which increases the rate of fire of the SA node so there is a greater force of contraction.
What is the hormonal factor of CCC?
Adrenaline
What does adrenaline do?
It is released from the adrenal glands before and during exercise. It directly stimulates the SA node to increase HR which increases SV
During rest, how much blood goes to the organs and how much to the working muscles?
80-85% goes to the organs
15-20% goes to the working muscles
During heavy exercise, how much blood goes to the organs and how much goes to the working muscles?
15-20% to the organs
80-85% to the brain
What are the 5 mechanisms that help maintain venous return?
Gravity Pocket valves Muscle pump Smooth muscle Respiratory pump
How does gravity help venous return?
Makes sure the blood above the heart return
How do pockets valves help venous return?
Prevents back flow of blood so it is always flowing one way
How does muscle pump help venous return?
It squeezes the blood vessels and forces the blood forward to the heart
How does the smooth muscle help venous return?
Contacts to send blood back to the heart
How does the respiratory pump help venous return?
It returns blood that is at the thoracic cavity and the abdomen. This happens because we breath heavier during exercise so the pressure of the thoracic cavity continuously changes from low to high forcing the blood on
