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PE > A+P > Flashcards

A+P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 muscles in the hamstring?

A

Bicep femoris
Semitendenosis
Semimemdinosis

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2
Q

What are the 9 muscles in the hip?

A 
Iliopsoas
Piriformis
Pectineus
Abductor brevis 
Abductor longus
Abductor Magnus 
Gluteus maximus 
Gluteus medius 
Gluteus minimus
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3
Q

What are the three muscles in the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior

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4
Q

What movement can occur at the ankle joint?

A

Planta flexsion
Dorsa flexsion
Rotation

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5
Q

What are the articulating bones in the ankle joint?

A

Fibia
Tibia
Tarsels

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6
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

A

Hinge

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7
Q

What are the agonists of the ankle joint?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior

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8
Q

What is the joint type of the wrist?

A

Condyloid

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9
Q

What bones articulate in the wrist?

A

Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones

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10
Q

What movement is possible at the wrist?

A

Flexsion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction

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11
Q

What muscles act as the prime movers in the wrist?

A

Flexors

Extensors

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12
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge

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13
Q

What bones articulate in the elbow?

A

Humorous
Radius
Ulna

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14
Q

What movement is possible at the elbow?

A

Flexion

Extension

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15
Q

What muscles are the prime movers in the elbow?

A

Bicep brachii

Tricep brachii

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16
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder?

A

Ball and socket

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17
Q

What bones articulate in the shoulder?

A

Humerus

Scapula

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18
Q

What movement is possible at the shoulder?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation 
Lateral rotation
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
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19
Q

What are the 7 prime movers in the shoulder?

A 
Anterior deltoid
Posterior deltoid 
Middle deltoid
Latissimus dorsi 
Subsacpularis and teres major
Infrasprinatus and teres minor
Pecoralis major
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20
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Ball and socket

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21
Q

What bones articulate in the hip?

A

Femur

Ilium

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22
Q

What movement is possible at the hip?

A 
Flexion 
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation 
Lateral rotation
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23
Q

What are the 6 prime movers in the hip?

A 
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus 
Gluteus medius 
Gluteus minimus
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus 
Adductor brevis
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24
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Hinge

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25
Q

What bones articulate in the knee?

A

Femur
Tibia
Patella

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26
Q

What movement is possible at the knee

A

Flexion

Extension

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27
Q

Which 7 muscles act as the prime movers in the knee?

A 
Bicep femoris
Semmimembranosus
Semmitendinousus
Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
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28
Q

What are the three types of muscular contractions?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres?

A

Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative glycolytic
Fast glycolytic

30
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement?

A

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

31
Q

What movement is on the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion
Extension
Dorsaflexion
Plantarflexion

32
Q

What movement is there on the frontal plane?

A

Abduction

Adduction

33
Q

What movement is there on the transverse plane?

A

Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation

34
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

35
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neurone and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axons

36
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

When a motor unit receives a stimulus and creates an action potential that reaches a threshold charge, the muscles connected to that motor unit contract but if the action potential doesn’t reach the threshold then there is no contraction

37
Q

What is the first role of a motor unit?

A

Nerve impulses initiated in the motor neurone cell body.

38
Q

What is the second role in the motor unit?

A

Nerve impulse conducts down the axiom of the motor neurone by a nerve active potential to the synaptic cleft

39
Q

What is the third role of the motor unit?

A

Acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulses across the gap

40
Q

What is the fourth role of the motor unit?

A

If the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibres will contract

41
Q

What are 3 of the structural characteristics of slow oxidative fibres?

A

Small neurone size
High mitochondria density
High capillary density

42
Q

What are 3 structural characteristics for fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?

A

Large neurone size
Moderate mitochondria density
High capillary density

43
Q

What are three structural characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?

A

Large neurone size
Low mitochondria density
Low capillary density

44
Q

What are 3 functional characteristics of slow oxidative fibres?

A

Slow contraction speed
High fatigue resistance
Low force of contraction

45
Q

What are 3 functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?

A

Fast contraction speed
Moderate fatigue resistance
High force of contraction

46
Q

What are 3 functional characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?

A

Fast contraction speed
Low fatigue resistance
High force of contraction

47
Q

What is the difference between an atrium and a ventricle?

A

Ventricles have thicker walls for stronger contractions

48
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in one minute

49
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

50
Q

What are the resting values for cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate?

A

Q=5.04L
SV=70ml
HR=72bpm

51
Q

Define venous return

A

The return of blood to the hearts right atrium through the veins

52
Q

What contains the cardiac control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

53
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect CCC?

A

Neural
Intrinsic
Hormonal

54
Q

What are the 3 neural receptors?

A

Chemo receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioreceptors

55
Q

What does a chemoreceptor do?

A

Detects a build up of lactic acid and stimulates sympathetic nerve to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
It also detects CO2

56
Q

What does a baroreceptor do?

A

Detects blood pressure increase. If the blood pressure increases too much then the medulla oblongata will signal the parasympathetic nerve to increase heart rate.

57
Q

What do proprioreceptors do?

A

Detect muscle movement. The medulla oblongata sends impulses to the parasympathetic nerve to increase the heart rate to increase: Q, SV and HR

58
Q

What are the 2 intrinsic factors of CCC?

A

Temperature

Increase in venous return

59
Q

What does temperature do?

A

As the temperature increases so does heart rate

60
Q

What does an increase of venous return do?

A

Because HR and SC increase, the walls of the atrium is stretched more which increases the rate of fire of the SA node so there is a greater force of contraction.

61
Q

What is the hormonal factor of CCC?

A

Adrenaline

62
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

It is released from the adrenal glands before and during exercise. It directly stimulates the SA node to increase HR which increases SV

63
Q

During rest, how much blood goes to the organs and how much to the working muscles?

A

80-85% goes to the organs

15-20% goes to the working muscles

64
Q

During heavy exercise, how much blood goes to the organs and how much goes to the working muscles?

A

15-20% to the organs

80-85% to the brain

65
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms that help maintain venous return?

A 
Gravity
Pocket valves
Muscle pump
Smooth muscle
Respiratory pump
66
Q

How does gravity help venous return?

A

Makes sure the blood above the heart return

67
Q

How do pockets valves help venous return?

A

Prevents back flow of blood so it is always flowing one way

68
Q

How does muscle pump help venous return?

A

It squeezes the blood vessels and forces the blood forward to the heart

69
Q

How does the smooth muscle help venous return?

A

Contacts to send blood back to the heart

70
Q

How does the respiratory pump help venous return?

A

It returns blood that is at the thoracic cavity and the abdomen. This happens because we breath heavier during exercise so the pressure of the thoracic cavity continuously changes from low to high forcing the blood on

PE (4 decks)

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