A&P 101 Final Flashcards
Causes of motion sickness
results from stimulation of the semicircular canals during motion, as may occur while riding in a boat, an automobile, an airplane, a swing, or a museum park ride
Causes of conduction deafness
the spiral organ and neuronal pathways for hearing functions normally, but there is a more mechanical deficiency in the transmit ion of sound waves from the external ear to the spiral organ
Characteristics about light and vision
visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye and includes wavelengths between 380 and 750 nm, bending of the light-refraction- causes us to be able to see
Characteristics of articular cartilage
it covers the ends of bones where they come together to for, joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves
Characteristics of elastic cartilage
has numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans dispersed throughout this matrix, found in areas that have rigid but elastic properties, such as external ears
Characteristics of firbrocartilage
has more collagen fibers that proteoglycans, compared with hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage has much thicker bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix, slightly compressible and very tough, found in areas of the body where great deal of pressure is applied to joints such as the knee, in the jaw,and between vertebrae
Characteristics of hyaline cartilage
large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans, collagen fibers are evenly dispersed throughout the ground substance,in joints has a very smooth surface, found where strong support and some flexibility are needed, like in the rib cage
Characteristics of odorants
airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity and are dissolved in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium, they bind to transmembrane operant receptor molecules if the olfactory hair membranes
Define action potential
change in membrane potential in an excitable tissue that acts as an electric signal and is propagated in an all-or-none fashion
Define conjunctiva
mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eyeball and lining the lids
Define desmosomes
point of adhesion between cells. Each contains a dense plate at the point of adhesion and a cementing extracellular material between the cells
Define disaccharide
condensation product of two monosaccharides by the elimination of water
Define efferent nerves
send signals away from the spinal cord
Define endomysium
fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber
Define epimysium
fibrous envelope surrounding a skeletal muscle
Define ganglia
any group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Define gap junction
small channel between cells that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells; provides means of intercellular communication
Define graded potential
a change in the membrane potential that is localized to one area of the plasma membrane
Define monosaccharide
simple sugar carbohydrate that cannot form any simpler sugar by hydrolysis
Define motor nerves
efferent nerves, sends signals away from the spinal cord
Define nerves
receive stimuli and transmit action potentials to other neurons or to effector neurons
Define nuclei (nervous)
clusters of gray matter located deeper within the brain
Define nucleic acid
polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA and RNA, forms a family of substances that compromise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis
Define peroxisomes
membrane bounded body similar to a lysosome in appearance but often smaller and irregular in shape; contains enzymes that either decompose or synthesize hydrogen peroxide
Define polysaccharide
carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide molecules
Define postsynaptic potential
excitatory: when depolarization occurs, the response is stimulatory; inhibitory: combination of a neurotransmitter with its receptor results in hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane, the response is inhibitory
Define protein
macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Define sarcolemma
macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Define sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Define sucrose
disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; table sugar
Define the blind spot of eye
the optic disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light
Define the perimysium
fibrous sheath enveloping a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle fascicle)
Define tight junctions
holds cells together and forms a permeable barrier, formed by plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join to one another in a jigsaw fashion to make a tight seal
Define triglyceride
three-carbon glycerol molecule with a fatty acid attached to each carbon; constitute approximately 95% of the fats in the human body. Also called triacylglycerol
Definition of salts
molecule consisting of a cation other than hydrogen and an anion other than hydroxide
Discuss a decomposition reaction
a reverse synthesis reaction, a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products
Discuss a muscle that is a fixator
they are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved, the origin of the prime mover is often stabilized by fixators so that it’s action occurs at its point of insertion, muscle of the scapula act as fixators to hold the scapula in place while other muscles contract to move the humerus
Discuss a muscle that is an agonist
prime mover, stimulating agents, bind to specific receptors and activate them
Discuss a muscle that is antagonist
blocking agent, bind to specific receptors and prevent them from being activated
Discuss a synthesis reaction
when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
Discuss characteristics of plasma membrane
outermost component of a cell, functions as a boundary separating the substances inside the cell and from substances outside the cell
Discuss collagen fibers
tensil strength
Discuss elastic fibers
Stretch
Discuss gouty arthritis
a build up of uric acid
Discuss make up of connective tissue
made by ground substance, fibers, and cells
Discuss mitosis
cell division resulting in two daughter cells with exactly the same number and type of chromosomes as the mother cell
Discuss muscle fibers
muscle cells
Discuss myoglobin
slow- twitch fibers contain large amounts of this, dark pink pigment similar to hemoglobin in re blood cells, which bind oxygen and acts as oxygen reservoir in the muscle fiber when the blood does not supply an adequate amount, it enhances the capacity of the muscle fibers to preform aerobic respiration
Discuss osmosis
diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
Discuss phagocytosis
pac man cell! It eats all the bad things in the cells
Discuss reticular fibers
reticular cells produce the reticular fibers and remain closely attached to them
Discuss reversible reaction
can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants
Discuss spastic paralysis
when muscles contract and cannot relax, in insects it’s caused by insecticide, followed by muscle fatigue
Discuss the make up of sweat
water, salt, we sweat to get rid of some icky things in the body and cools you off
Discuss the parts of compact bone
solid with no space between, blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself, and lamellar of compact bone are primarily oriented around those blood vessels
Discuss the rule of nines
in adults, surface area can be estimated by using the rule of nines. Each major part of the body is 9%, or a multiple or 9%, of the oral surface area of the body
Examples of colloid solutions
Plasma
Examples of positive feedback vs. negative feedback
positive feedback is like giving birth, negative feedback with stop any change from happening
Examples of suspensions
Blood
Four elements that make up majority of body
nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
Function of abducens nerve
nerve of the eye, motor function is movement of one of the eyes
Function of accessory nerve
controls movement of the sternoclidomastoid and trapezius
Function of apocrine glands
secreted as fragments of the gland cells, products are retained within the cell, and portions of the cell are pinched off to become part of the secretion
Function of ceruminous glands
produces earwax to protect the tympanic membrane
Function of chondrocyte
traps large quantities of water in the tissues
Function of compact bone
has a rich blood supply and can more easily repair itself, the strong part of the bone
Function of irregular bone
normally suspended by muscles to protect a vital organ
Function of limbic system
plays a role in basic survival functions, such as memory, reproduction, and memory
Function of mammary glands
gives milk to little babies after the mother has been pregnant
Function of microtubules
help provide support and structure to the cytoplasm of the cell, much like an internal scaffolding; involved in cell division and in the transport of intracellular materials; they form essential components of certain cell organelles, such as centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella
Function of myofilaments
form highly ordered units called sacrcomeres which are joined end to end to form myofibrils
Function of nociceptors
pain receptors, respond to painful mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli
Function of osteoblast
bone forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes
Function of osteoclast
responsible for the reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone
Function of osteocyte
become relatively inactive but it is possible for them to produce the components needed to maintain the bone matrix
Function of photoreceptors
respond to light striking the receptor cells and are necessary for vision
Function of proprioceptors
associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue
Function of rods in the eye
involved in noncolor vision
Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
t-tubules are associated highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Function of spongy bone
it produces bone marrow
Function of thalamus
major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement
Function of vestibulocochlear
sensory special senses of hearing (cochlear nerve) and balance (vestibular nerve)
Functions iris
attached to the lateral margins to the ciliary body
Functions of aqueous humor
two chambers are filled with this, helps maintain intraocular pressure
Functions of bursae
is like a cushion, helps stop friction
Functions of cerebellum
communicates with other regions of the CNS through three large
Functions of cochlea
Assists in hearing
Functions of cornea
avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye and bends, or refracts, that light as part of the eye’ s focusing system
Functions of epiphyseal line
when the bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified
Functions of epiphyseal plate
growth plate, separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
Functions of hypothalamus
major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function
Functions of lens
covers and protects the eye
Functions of medulla
pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; center for several important reflexes like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
Functions of menisci
fibrocartilage disc
Functions of myofibrils
bundles of protein filaments, a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the muscle fiber to the other
Functions of skeletal system
frame of the body, produces blood cells, protects organs
Functions of T tubules
transverse tubules, associated with a highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions of tendons
skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, helps with movement, strong bands of connective tissue
Functions of thalamus
major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement
Functions of the autonomic nervous system
nervous system composed of nerve fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Functions of the diaphysis
major part of the long bone, a shaft, composed primarily of compact bone but also can contain some spongy bone
Functions of tympanic membrane
part of the ear, helps with hearing
Functions of vestibule (ear)
allows hearing to occur
If you stretch muscles beyond normal
they will not compress back to normal length, they will always be longer
Location of simple columnar epithelial tissue
one layer, column shaped cells
Location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
in digestive and duct system
Location of simple squamous epithelial tissue
one cell, flat irregular shaped cells, found in lines blood vessels so it doesn’t stick, lining of serous membranes
Organization of the human body from simple to complex
molecules, atoms, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Strength of hydrogen bonds
they are the weakest binds in the body
What are the survival needs
bear minimum to maintain life, water, food, oxygen
What is haversian canals
contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue and running parallel to the long axis of the bone
What is trabeculae
one of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibers septa, such as trabeculae of lymph nodes, testes; a beam or plate of cancellous bone
Structural unit of a compact bone
Haversion system or osteon
Where do we find flagellum
In sperm
Rheumatoid arthritis
caused by genetics, autoimmune system disease
Osteoarthritis
general wear and tear on the joints
Thyroid
controls BMR
What parts do you find in the synovial joint
articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid
Tendon sheath is found where
not inside the joint and reduce friction
Function of the joint of the synovial fluid
lubricates the joint
