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HOE Final > A&P 101 Final > Flashcards

A&P 101 Final Flashcards

(120 cards)

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0
Q

Causes of motion sickness

A

results from stimulation of the semicircular canals during motion, as may occur while riding in a boat, an automobile, an airplane, a swing, or a museum park ride

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1
Q

Causes of conduction deafness

A

the spiral organ and neuronal pathways for hearing functions normally, but there is a more mechanical deficiency in the transmit ion of sound waves from the external ear to the spiral organ

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2
Q

Characteristics about light and vision

A

visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye and includes wavelengths between 380 and 750 nm, bending of the light-refraction- causes us to be able to see

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3
Q

Characteristics of articular cartilage

A

it covers the ends of bones where they come together to for, joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves

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4
Q

Characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

has numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans dispersed throughout this matrix, found in areas that have rigid but elastic properties, such as external ears

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5
Q

Characteristics of firbrocartilage

A

has more collagen fibers that proteoglycans, compared with hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage has much thicker bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix, slightly compressible and very tough, found in areas of the body where great deal of pressure is applied to joints such as the knee, in the jaw,and between vertebrae

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6
Q

Characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans, collagen fibers are evenly dispersed throughout the ground substance,in joints has a very smooth surface, found where strong support and some flexibility are needed, like in the rib cage

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7
Q

Characteristics of odorants

A

airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity and are dissolved in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium, they bind to transmembrane operant receptor molecules if the olfactory hair membranes

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8
Q

Define action potential

A

change in membrane potential in an excitable tissue that acts as an electric signal and is propagated in an all-or-none fashion

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9
Q

Define conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eyeball and lining the lids

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10
Q

Define desmosomes

A

point of adhesion between cells. Each contains a dense plate at the point of adhesion and a cementing extracellular material between the cells

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11
Q

Define disaccharide

A

condensation product of two monosaccharides by the elimination of water

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12
Q

Define efferent nerves

A

send signals away from the spinal cord

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13
Q

Define endomysium

A

fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber

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14
Q

Define epimysium

A

fibrous envelope surrounding a skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Define ganglia

A

any group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Define gap junction

A

small channel between cells that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells; provides means of intercellular communication

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17
Q

Define graded potential

A

a change in the membrane potential that is localized to one area of the plasma membrane

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18
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

simple sugar carbohydrate that cannot form any simpler sugar by hydrolysis

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19
Q

Define motor nerves

A

efferent nerves, sends signals away from the spinal cord

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20
Q

Define nerves

A

receive stimuli and transmit action potentials to other neurons or to effector neurons

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21
Q

Define nuclei (nervous)

A

clusters of gray matter located deeper within the brain

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22
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA and RNA, forms a family of substances that compromise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis

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23
Q

Define peroxisomes

A

membrane bounded body similar to a lysosome in appearance but often smaller and irregular in shape; contains enzymes that either decompose or synthesize hydrogen peroxide

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24
Define polysaccharide
carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide molecules
25
Define postsynaptic potential
excitatory: when depolarization occurs, the response is stimulatory; inhibitory: combination of a neurotransmitter with its receptor results in hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane, the response is inhibitory
26
Define protein
macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
27
Define sarcolemma
macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
28
Define sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
29
Define sucrose
disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; table sugar
30
Define the blind spot of eye
the optic disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light
31
Define the perimysium
fibrous sheath enveloping a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle fascicle)
32
Define tight junctions
holds cells together and forms a permeable barrier, formed by plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join to one another in a jigsaw fashion to make a tight seal
33
Define triglyceride
three-carbon glycerol molecule with a fatty acid attached to each carbon; constitute approximately 95% of the fats in the human body. Also called triacylglycerol
34
Definition of salts
molecule consisting of a cation other than hydrogen and an anion other than hydroxide
35
Discuss a decomposition reaction
a reverse synthesis reaction, a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products
36
Discuss a muscle that is a fixator
they are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved, the origin of the prime mover is often stabilized by fixators so that it's action occurs at its point of insertion, muscle of the scapula act as fixators to hold the scapula in place while other muscles contract to move the humerus
37
Discuss a muscle that is an agonist
prime mover, stimulating agents, bind to specific receptors and activate them
38
Discuss a muscle that is antagonist
blocking agent, bind to specific receptors and prevent them from being activated
39
Discuss a synthesis reaction
when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
40
Discuss characteristics of plasma membrane
outermost component of a cell, functions as a boundary separating the substances inside the cell and from substances outside the cell
41
Discuss collagen fibers
tensil strength
42
Discuss elastic fibers
Stretch
43
Discuss gouty arthritis
a build up of uric acid
44
Discuss make up of connective tissue
made by ground substance, fibers, and cells
45
Discuss mitosis
cell division resulting in two daughter cells with exactly the same number and type of chromosomes as the mother cell
46
Discuss muscle fibers
muscle cells
47
Discuss myoglobin
slow- twitch fibers contain large amounts of this, dark pink pigment similar to hemoglobin in re blood cells, which bind oxygen and acts as oxygen reservoir in the muscle fiber when the blood does not supply an adequate amount, it enhances the capacity of the muscle fibers to preform aerobic respiration
48
Discuss osmosis
diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
49
Discuss phagocytosis
pac man cell! It eats all the bad things in the cells
50
Discuss reticular fibers
reticular cells produce the reticular fibers and remain closely attached to them
51
Discuss reversible reaction
can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants
52
Discuss spastic paralysis
when muscles contract and cannot relax, in insects it's caused by insecticide, followed by muscle fatigue
53
Discuss the make up of sweat
water, salt, we sweat to get rid of some icky things in the body and cools you off
54
Discuss the parts of compact bone
solid with no space between, blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself, and lamellar of compact bone are primarily oriented around those blood vessels
55
Discuss the rule of nines
in adults, surface area can be estimated by using the rule of nines. Each major part of the body is 9%, or a multiple or 9%, of the oral surface area of the body
56
Examples of colloid solutions
Plasma
57
Examples of positive feedback vs. negative feedback
positive feedback is like giving birth, negative feedback with stop any change from happening
58
Examples of suspensions
Blood
59
Four elements that make up majority of body
nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
60
Function of abducens nerve
nerve of the eye, motor function is movement of one of the eyes
61
Function of accessory nerve
controls movement of the sternoclidomastoid and trapezius
62
Function of apocrine glands
secreted as fragments of the gland cells, products are retained within the cell, and portions of the cell are pinched off to become part of the secretion
63
Function of ceruminous glands
produces earwax to protect the tympanic membrane
64
Function of chondrocyte
traps large quantities of water in the tissues
65
Function of compact bone
has a rich blood supply and can more easily repair itself, the strong part of the bone
66
Function of irregular bone
normally suspended by muscles to protect a vital organ
67
Function of limbic system
plays a role in basic survival functions, such as memory, reproduction, and memory
68
Function of mammary glands
gives milk to little babies after the mother has been pregnant
69
Function of microtubules
help provide support and structure to the cytoplasm of the cell, much like an internal scaffolding; involved in cell division and in the transport of intracellular materials; they form essential components of certain cell organelles, such as centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella
70
Function of myofilaments
form highly ordered units called sacrcomeres which are joined end to end to form myofibrils
71
Function of nociceptors
pain receptors, respond to painful mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli
72
Function of osteoblast
bone forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes
73
Function of osteoclast
responsible for the reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone
74
Function of osteocyte
become relatively inactive but it is possible for them to produce the components needed to maintain the bone matrix
75
Function of photoreceptors
respond to light striking the receptor cells and are necessary for vision
76
Function of proprioceptors
associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue
77
Function of rods in the eye
involved in noncolor vision
78
Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
t-tubules are associated highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
79
Function of spongy bone
it produces bone marrow
80
Function of thalamus
major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement
81
Function of vestibulocochlear
sensory special senses of hearing (cochlear nerve) and balance (vestibular nerve)
82
Functions iris
attached to the lateral margins to the ciliary body
83
Functions of aqueous humor
two chambers are filled with this, helps maintain intraocular pressure
84
Functions of bursae
is like a cushion, helps stop friction
85
Functions of cerebellum
communicates with other regions of the CNS through three large
86
Functions of cochlea
Assists in hearing
87
Functions of cornea
avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye and bends, or refracts, that light as part of the eye' s focusing system
88
Functions of epiphyseal line
when the bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified
89
Functions of epiphyseal plate
growth plate, separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
90
Functions of hypothalamus
major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function
91
Functions of lens
covers and protects the eye
92
Functions of medulla
pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; center for several important reflexes like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
93
Functions of menisci
fibrocartilage disc
94
Functions of myofibrils
bundles of protein filaments, a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the muscle fiber to the other
95
Functions of skeletal system
frame of the body, produces blood cells, protects organs
96
Functions of T tubules
transverse tubules, associated with a highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
97
Functions of tendons
skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, helps with movement, strong bands of connective tissue
98
Functions of thalamus
major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement
99
Functions of the autonomic nervous system
nervous system composed of nerve fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
100
Functions of the diaphysis
major part of the long bone, a shaft, composed primarily of compact bone but also can contain some spongy bone
101
Functions of tympanic membrane
part of the ear, helps with hearing
102
Functions of vestibule (ear)
allows hearing to occur
103
If you stretch muscles beyond normal
they will not compress back to normal length, they will always be longer
104
Location of simple columnar epithelial tissue
one layer, column shaped cells
105
Location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
in digestive and duct system
106
Location of simple squamous epithelial tissue
one cell, flat irregular shaped cells, found in lines blood vessels so it doesn't stick, lining of serous membranes
107
Organization of the human body from simple to complex
molecules, atoms, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
108
Strength of hydrogen bonds
they are the weakest binds in the body
109
What are the survival needs
bear minimum to maintain life, water, food, oxygen
110
What is haversian canals
contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue and running parallel to the long axis of the bone
111
What is trabeculae
one of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibers septa, such as trabeculae of lymph nodes, testes; a beam or plate of cancellous bone
112
Structural unit of a compact bone
Haversion system or osteon
113
Where do we find flagellum
In sperm
114
Rheumatoid arthritis
caused by genetics, autoimmune system disease
115
Osteoarthritis
general wear and tear on the joints
116
Thyroid
controls BMR
117
What parts do you find in the synovial joint
articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid
118
Tendon sheath is found where
not inside the joint and reduce friction
119
Function of the joint of the synovial fluid
lubricates the joint

HOE Final (12 decks)

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