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HOE Final > A&P 101 Final > Flashcards

A&P 101 Final Flashcards

0
Q

Causes of motion sickness

A

results from stimulation of the semicircular canals during motion, as may occur while riding in a boat, an automobile, an airplane, a swing, or a museum park ride

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1
Q

Causes of conduction deafness

A

the spiral organ and neuronal pathways for hearing functions normally, but there is a more mechanical deficiency in the transmit ion of sound waves from the external ear to the spiral organ

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2
Q

Characteristics about light and vision

A

visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye and includes wavelengths between 380 and 750 nm, bending of the light-refraction- causes us to be able to see

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3
Q

Characteristics of articular cartilage

A

it covers the ends of bones where they come together to for, joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves

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4
Q

Characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

has numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans dispersed throughout this matrix, found in areas that have rigid but elastic properties, such as external ears

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5
Q

Characteristics of firbrocartilage

A

has more collagen fibers that proteoglycans, compared with hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage has much thicker bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix, slightly compressible and very tough, found in areas of the body where great deal of pressure is applied to joints such as the knee, in the jaw,and between vertebrae

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6
Q

Characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans, collagen fibers are evenly dispersed throughout the ground substance,in joints has a very smooth surface, found where strong support and some flexibility are needed, like in the rib cage

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7
Q

Characteristics of odorants

A

airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity and are dissolved in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium, they bind to transmembrane operant receptor molecules if the olfactory hair membranes

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8
Q

Define action potential

A

change in membrane potential in an excitable tissue that acts as an electric signal and is propagated in an all-or-none fashion

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9
Q

Define conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eyeball and lining the lids

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10
Q

Define desmosomes

A

point of adhesion between cells. Each contains a dense plate at the point of adhesion and a cementing extracellular material between the cells

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11
Q

Define disaccharide

A

condensation product of two monosaccharides by the elimination of water

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12
Q

Define efferent nerves

A

send signals away from the spinal cord

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13
Q

Define endomysium

A

fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber

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14
Q

Define epimysium

A

fibrous envelope surrounding a skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Define ganglia

A

any group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Define gap junction

A

small channel between cells that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells; provides means of intercellular communication

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17
Q

Define graded potential

A

a change in the membrane potential that is localized to one area of the plasma membrane

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18
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

simple sugar carbohydrate that cannot form any simpler sugar by hydrolysis

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19
Q

Define motor nerves

A

efferent nerves, sends signals away from the spinal cord

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20
Q

Define nerves

A

receive stimuli and transmit action potentials to other neurons or to effector neurons

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21
Q

Define nuclei (nervous)

A

clusters of gray matter located deeper within the brain

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22
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA and RNA, forms a family of substances that compromise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis

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23
Q

Define peroxisomes

A

membrane bounded body similar to a lysosome in appearance but often smaller and irregular in shape; contains enzymes that either decompose or synthesize hydrogen peroxide

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24
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide molecules

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25
Q

Define postsynaptic potential

A

excitatory: when depolarization occurs, the response is stimulatory; inhibitory: combination of a neurotransmitter with its receptor results in hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane, the response is inhibitory

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26
Q

Define protein

A

macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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27
Q

Define sarcolemma

A

macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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28
Q

Define sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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29
Q

Define sucrose

A

disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; table sugar

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30
Q

Define the blind spot of eye

A

the optic disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light

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31
Q

Define the perimysium

A

fibrous sheath enveloping a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle fascicle)

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32
Q

Define tight junctions

A

holds cells together and forms a permeable barrier, formed by plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join to one another in a jigsaw fashion to make a tight seal

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33
Q

Define triglyceride

A

three-carbon glycerol molecule with a fatty acid attached to each carbon; constitute approximately 95% of the fats in the human body. Also called triacylglycerol

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34
Q

Definition of salts

A

molecule consisting of a cation other than hydrogen and an anion other than hydroxide

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35
Q

Discuss a decomposition reaction

A

a reverse synthesis reaction, a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products

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36
Q

Discuss a muscle that is a fixator

A

they are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved, the origin of the prime mover is often stabilized by fixators so that it’s action occurs at its point of insertion, muscle of the scapula act as fixators to hold the scapula in place while other muscles contract to move the humerus

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37
Q

Discuss a muscle that is an agonist

A

prime mover, stimulating agents, bind to specific receptors and activate them

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38
Q

Discuss a muscle that is antagonist

A

blocking agent, bind to specific receptors and prevent them from being activated

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39
Q

Discuss a synthesis reaction

A

when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product

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40
Q

Discuss characteristics of plasma membrane

A

outermost component of a cell, functions as a boundary separating the substances inside the cell and from substances outside the cell

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41
Q

Discuss collagen fibers

A

tensil strength

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42
Q

Discuss elastic fibers

A

Stretch

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43
Q

Discuss gouty arthritis

A

a build up of uric acid

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44
Q

Discuss make up of connective tissue

A

made by ground substance, fibers, and cells

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45
Q

Discuss mitosis

A

cell division resulting in two daughter cells with exactly the same number and type of chromosomes as the mother cell

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46
Q

Discuss muscle fibers

A

muscle cells

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47
Q

Discuss myoglobin

A

slow- twitch fibers contain large amounts of this, dark pink pigment similar to hemoglobin in re blood cells, which bind oxygen and acts as oxygen reservoir in the muscle fiber when the blood does not supply an adequate amount, it enhances the capacity of the muscle fibers to preform aerobic respiration

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48
Q

Discuss osmosis

A

diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution

49
Q

Discuss phagocytosis

A

pac man cell! It eats all the bad things in the cells

50
Q

Discuss reticular fibers

A

reticular cells produce the reticular fibers and remain closely attached to them

51
Q

Discuss reversible reaction

A

can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants

52
Q

Discuss spastic paralysis

A

when muscles contract and cannot relax, in insects it’s caused by insecticide, followed by muscle fatigue

53
Q

Discuss the make up of sweat

A

water, salt, we sweat to get rid of some icky things in the body and cools you off

54
Q

Discuss the parts of compact bone

A

solid with no space between, blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself, and lamellar of compact bone are primarily oriented around those blood vessels

55
Q

Discuss the rule of nines

A

in adults, surface area can be estimated by using the rule of nines. Each major part of the body is 9%, or a multiple or 9%, of the oral surface area of the body

56
Q

Examples of colloid solutions

A

Plasma

57
Q

Examples of positive feedback vs. negative feedback

A

positive feedback is like giving birth, negative feedback with stop any change from happening

58
Q

Examples of suspensions

A

Blood

59
Q

Four elements that make up majority of body

A

nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

60
Q

Function of abducens nerve

A

nerve of the eye, motor function is movement of one of the eyes

61
Q

Function of accessory nerve

A

controls movement of the sternoclidomastoid and trapezius

62
Q

Function of apocrine glands

A

secreted as fragments of the gland cells, products are retained within the cell, and portions of the cell are pinched off to become part of the secretion

63
Q

Function of ceruminous glands

A

produces earwax to protect the tympanic membrane

64
Q

Function of chondrocyte

A

traps large quantities of water in the tissues

65
Q

Function of compact bone

A

has a rich blood supply and can more easily repair itself, the strong part of the bone

66
Q

Function of irregular bone

A

normally suspended by muscles to protect a vital organ

67
Q

Function of limbic system

A

plays a role in basic survival functions, such as memory, reproduction, and memory

68
Q

Function of mammary glands

A

gives milk to little babies after the mother has been pregnant

69
Q

Function of microtubules

A

help provide support and structure to the cytoplasm of the cell, much like an internal scaffolding; involved in cell division and in the transport of intracellular materials; they form essential components of certain cell organelles, such as centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella

70
Q

Function of myofilaments

A

form highly ordered units called sacrcomeres which are joined end to end to form myofibrils

71
Q

Function of nociceptors

A

pain receptors, respond to painful mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli

72
Q

Function of osteoblast

A

bone forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes

73
Q

Function of osteoclast

A

responsible for the reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone

74
Q

Function of osteocyte

A

become relatively inactive but it is possible for them to produce the components needed to maintain the bone matrix

75
Q

Function of photoreceptors

A

respond to light striking the receptor cells and are necessary for vision

76
Q

Function of proprioceptors

A

associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue

77
Q

Function of rods in the eye

A

involved in noncolor vision

78
Q

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

t-tubules are associated highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

Function of spongy bone

A

it produces bone marrow

80
Q

Function of thalamus

A

major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement

81
Q

Function of vestibulocochlear

A

sensory special senses of hearing (cochlear nerve) and balance (vestibular nerve)

82
Q

Functions iris

A

attached to the lateral margins to the ciliary body

83
Q

Functions of aqueous humor

A

two chambers are filled with this, helps maintain intraocular pressure

84
Q

Functions of bursae

A

is like a cushion, helps stop friction

85
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

communicates with other regions of the CNS through three large

86
Q

Functions of cochlea

A

Assists in hearing

87
Q

Functions of cornea

A

avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye and bends, or refracts, that light as part of the eye’ s focusing system

88
Q

Functions of epiphyseal line

A

when the bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified

89
Q

Functions of epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate, separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

90
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function

91
Q

Functions of lens

A

covers and protects the eye

92
Q

Functions of medulla

A

pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; center for several important reflexes like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

93
Q

Functions of menisci

A

fibrocartilage disc

94
Q

Functions of myofibrils

A

bundles of protein filaments, a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

95
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A

frame of the body, produces blood cells, protects organs

96
Q

Functions of T tubules

A

transverse tubules, associated with a highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

Functions of tendons

A

skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, helps with movement, strong bands of connective tissue

98
Q

Functions of thalamus

A

major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement

99
Q

Functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

nervous system composed of nerve fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

100
Q

Functions of the diaphysis

A

major part of the long bone, a shaft, composed primarily of compact bone but also can contain some spongy bone

101
Q

Functions of tympanic membrane

A

part of the ear, helps with hearing

102
Q

Functions of vestibule (ear)

A

allows hearing to occur

103
Q

If you stretch muscles beyond normal

A

they will not compress back to normal length, they will always be longer

104
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelial tissue

A

one layer, column shaped cells

105
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

in digestive and duct system

106
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelial tissue

A

one cell, flat irregular shaped cells, found in lines blood vessels so it doesn’t stick, lining of serous membranes

107
Q

Organization of the human body from simple to complex

A

molecules, atoms, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

108
Q

Strength of hydrogen bonds

A

they are the weakest binds in the body

109
Q

What are the survival needs

A

bear minimum to maintain life, water, food, oxygen

110
Q

What is haversian canals

A

contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue and running parallel to the long axis of the bone

111
Q

What is trabeculae

A

one of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibers septa, such as trabeculae of lymph nodes, testes; a beam or plate of cancellous bone

112
Q

Structural unit of a compact bone

A

Haversion system or osteon

113
Q

Where do we find flagellum

A

In sperm

114
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

caused by genetics, autoimmune system disease

115
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

general wear and tear on the joints

116
Q

Thyroid

A

controls BMR

117
Q

What parts do you find in the synovial joint

A

articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid

118
Q

Tendon sheath is found where

A

not inside the joint and reduce friction

119
Q

Function of the joint of the synovial fluid

A

lubricates the joint

HOE Final (12 decks)

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