A-LEVEL CHEMISTRY: 3.3.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry (ChemRevise) Flashcards
Hydrocarbon:
a Compound consisting of only Hydrogen & Carbon
Saturated Hydrocarbon:
contains single Carbon-Carbon Bonds only (no C=C Double Bonds)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon:
contains a C=C Double Bond
Molecular Formula:
the Formula which shows the actual Number of each type of Atom
eg H2SO4, H2O, C2H6
Empirical Formula:
shows the Simplest whole-number Ratio of Atoms of each Element in the Compound
General Formula:
Algebraic Formula for a Homologous Series
eg CnH2n+2
Structural Formula:
shows the Arrangement of Atoms in a Molecule
eg Butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3
Displayed Formula:
shows all the Covalent Bonds & Atoms present in a Molecule
Skeletal Formula:
shows the Simplified Organic Formula, removing Hydrogen Atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton & associated Functional Groups.
Functional Group:
an Atom or Group of Atoms which when present in different Molecules causes them to have similar Chemical Properties.
Homologous Series:
families of Organic Compounds with the same Functional Group & same General Formula
Organic Compounds in a Homologous Series: (3)
-show a gradual change in Physical Properties (eg bp)
-each member differs by CH2 from the last
-same Chemical Properties
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Alkanes’:
C-C
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Alkenes’:
C=C
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Alcohols’:
C-OH
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Halogenoalkanes’:
C-halogen
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Aldehydes’:
O=C-H
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Ketones’:
O=C
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Carboxylic Acids’:
O=C-OH
give the Functional Group for the Homologous Series ‘Esters’:
O=C-O
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Alkanes’:
-ane
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Alkenes’:
-ene
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Alcohols’:
-ol
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Halogenoalkanes’:
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Aldehydes’:
-al
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Ketones’:
-one
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Carboxylic Acids’:
-oic acid
give the Suffix and/or Prefix of the Homologous Series ‘Esters’:
-yl
-oate
what happens when Compounds contain more than one Functional Group?
the Order of Precedence determines which groups are named.
Order of Priority for Functional Groups (highest to lowest): (6)
Carboxylic Acid
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
the Functional Group takes priority over ___ ___ in giving the Lowest Number.
Branched Chains
if more than one C=C Double Bond is present in an Alkene, then suffix ends…
-diene or -triene
if there are Carboxylic Acid groups on both ends of the chain, then it is called a…
-dioic acid
What is a ‘Free Radical’?
a Free Radical is a Reactive species which has an Unpaired Electron
Structural Isomers:
same Molecular Formula, different Structural Formula
types of Structural Isomerism: (3)
-chain isomerism
-position isomerism
-Functional Group isomerism
Chain Isomers:
Compounds with the same Molecular Formula, but different Structures of the Carbon Skeleton
Position Isomers:
Compounds with the same Molecular Formula but different Structures due to different Positions of the Functional Group
Functional Group Isomers:
Compounds with the same Molecular Formula, but with Atoms arranged to give different Functional Groups
Stereoisomers:
same Molecular Formula, same Structural Formula, different spatial arrangement of Atoms
Alkenes can exhibit a type of Isomerism called…
E-Z Steroeisomerism
why do E-Z isomers exist?
due to restricted rotation about the C=C bond
E-Z stereoisomers arise when: (2)
-there is Restricted Rotation around the C=C double bond
-there are 2 different atoms/groups attached to both ends of the double bond
what is the ‘Priority Group’ when naming E-Z stereoisomers?
the Atom/Group with the bigger Atomic number is classed as the Priority Group
if the Priority Atom is on the same side of the C=C double bond, it is labelled…
Z
if the Priority Atom is on the opposite side of the C=C double bond, it is labelled…
E
E-Z stereoisomers can have different…
Melting & Boiling Points
