A: HEART FAILURE

Question 1

A complex clinical syndrome that can result from any cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to deliver adequate blood

Answer 1

Heart Failure

Question 2

Edematous state resulting to SOB, fatigue, limitation to exercise tolerance and fluid retention

Answer 2

Heart Failure

Question 2

Edematous state results in

Answer 2

SOB, fatigue, limitation to exercise tolerance and fluid retention

Question 3

Occurs when the heart’s delivery of blood is inadequate for the needs of the tissue

Answer 3

Heart Failure

Question 4

Occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body

Answer 4

Heart Failure

Question 5

A complex condition associated with several symptoms arising from defects in left ventricular filling and/or emptying

Answer 5

Heart Failure

Question 6

Etiology of Heart Failure

Answer 6

CAD (Coronary artery disease) and hypertension

Question 7

Causes of Heart Failure

Answer 7

• Among elderly, consequence of underlying disease
• Independent diagnosis
• Coronary artery disease

Question 8

Heart Failure is classically accompanied by

Answer 8

fluid retention

Question 9

It is the progressive inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow to vital organs

Answer 9

Heart Failure

Question 10

It is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity

Answer 10

Heart Failure

Question 11

Class of Limit normal individuals

Answer 11

Class 1

Question 12

Class of Ordinary exertion

Answer 12

Class 2

Question 13

Class of Less than ordinary exertion

Answer 13

Class 3

Question 14

If metabolic demands are within normal limits but the heart is unable to meet the requirement

Answer 14

Low Output

Question 15

If metabolic demands increase and the
heart is unable to meet them

Answer 15

High Output

Question 16

Back-ups in the area that collects “used” blood

Answer 16

Right sided heart failure

Question 17

The heart’s pumping action moves “used” blood that returns to the heart through the veins through the right atrium into the right ventricle

Answer 17

Right sided heart failure

Question 18

This occurs as a result of left-sided failure

Answer 18

Right sided heart failure

Question 19

Failure to properly pump out blood to the body

Answer 19

Left sided heart failure

Question 20

The heart’s pumping action moves oxygen-rich blood as it travels from the lungs to the left atrium, then on to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.

Answer 20

Left sided heart failure

Question 21

supplies most of the heart’s pumping power, so it’s larger than the other chambers and essential for normal function

Answer 21

Left Ventricle

Question 22

Compensation:

Answer 22

1.) Sympathetic responses
2.) Hormonal stimulation
3.) Concentric cardiac hypertrophy
4.) Frank- starling mechanism

Question 23

Decompensation

Answer 23

1.) Afterload
2.) preload

Question 24

What are the Loop Diuretics

Answer 24

Bumatenide Furosemide Torsemide

Question 25

What are the Thiazide Diuretics

Answer 25

Chlorthiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Chlortalidone Indapamide Metolazone

Question 26

What are the Potassium Sparing Diuretics

Answer 26

Amiloride Spironolactone Triamterene

Question 27

What are the ACE Inhibitors

Answer 27

Benzepril Captopril Enalapril Fosinopril Lisinopril Moexipril Perindopril Quinapril Ramipril Trandopril

Question 28

What are the ARBs

Answer 28

Candesartan Losartan Valsartan

Question 29

What are the Aldosterone Antagonist

Answer 29

Spironolactone Eplerenone

Question 30

What are the Beta Blocker

Answer 30

Bisoprolol Carvedilol Metoprolol succinate

Question 31

What are the Vasodilators

Answer 31

Nitroprusside / Nitrates Nesiritide Hydralazine

Question 32

Provide potent vasodilation of both arteries and veins

Answer 32

Nitroprusside / Nitrates

Question 33

Reduce left ventricular filling pressures

Answer 33

Nesiritide

Question 34

A naturally occurring hormone secreted by ventricles

Answer 34

Nesiritide

Question 35

Binds to natriuretic peptide receptors in blood vessels, resulting to production of CGMP which mediates vasodilation

Answer 35

Nesiritide

Question 36

Decreases afterload and increases cardiac output

Answer 36

Hydralazine

Question 37

Produces positive inotropic effect

Answer 37

Digitalis

Question 38

Produces negative chronotropic effects

Answer 38

Digitalis

Question 39

Precaution and Monitoring in Digitalis

Answer 39

- Decreased potassium levels - Calcium works synergistically with digoxin - Decrease in magnesium level

Question 40

Signs of Toxicity in Digitalis

Answer 40

Anorexia, fatigue, N/A\V, mental confusion and disorientation, alteration in visual perception

Question 41

Antidote for Digitalis

Answer 41

- Cholestyramine (acute digoxin overdose) - Digibind / DigiFab

Question 42

What are the Inotropic Agents

Answer 42

Dopamine Dobutamine Inamrinone Milrinone

Question 43

Stimulate specific receptors within the kidney to increase renal blood flow and increase urine output

Answer 43

Dopamine

Question 44

Increases urine output by increasing cardiac output

Answer 44

Dobutamine

Question 45

Shows positive inotropic effect and vasodilation effect

Answer 45

Inamrinone Milrinone