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CP > A: CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA > Flashcards

A: CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA Flashcards

1
Q

Deviation from the normal heartbeat pattern

A

Cardiac Arrhythmia

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2
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmia includes abnormalities of

A
  • Impulse formation
  • Heart rate
  • Rhythm
  • Site of impulse origin
  • Conduction disturbances
  • These disrupts the normal sequence of atrial and ventricular activation
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3
Q

This refers to a slow heartbeat

A

Bradyarrhythmia

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4
Q

A resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

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5
Q

This refers to a fast heartbeat

A

Tachyarrhythmia

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6
Q

A resting heart rate greater than 100 beats a minute

A

Tachycardia

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7
Q

A transient voltage change (membrane potential) across the membranes of the heart

A

Myocardial Action Potential

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8
Q

Myocardial Action Potential Phases

A

a.)Phase 0 (rapid depolarization)
b.) Phase 1 (early rapid depolarization)
c.) Phase 2 ( Plateau)
d.) Phase 3 (final rapid repolarization)
e.) Phase 4 (Slow depolarization)

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9
Q

Two electrical sequences that cause heart chambers to fill with blood and contract are initiated by __ of the heart

A

Conduction System

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10
Q

1st sequence, takes place when an electrical impulse is generated automatically

A

Impulse Formation

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11
Q

2nd sequence, occurs once the impulse has been generated, signaling the heart to contract

A

Impulse Transmission

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12
Q

It serves as the heart’s natural pacemaker, regulating the heartbeat by generating electrical impulses that coordinate the heart’s contractions

A

Sinoatrial Node

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13
Q

Sinoatrial Node is initiated in

A

60-100 BPM (Beats Per Minute)

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14
Q

Impulses are delayed briefly to permit completion of atrial contraction

A

Atrioventricular Node

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15
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

Atrioventricular Node

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16
Q

Transmission of impulses along left to right

A

Bundle of His

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17
Q

Composed of bundle of his and Purkinje fibers

A

Latent Pacemakers

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18
Q

They contain cells capable of generating impulses

A

Latent Pacemakers

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19
Q

Depolarization

A

P Wave

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20
Q

Represents the spread of impulse from atria to the Purkinje fibers

A

PR Interval

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21
Q

Ventricular Depolarization

A

QRS Complex

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22
Q

Represents phase 2

A

ST Segment

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23
Q

Ventricular Repolarization

A

T Wave

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24
Q

An irregularly fast or erratic heartbeat (arrhythmia) that affects the heart’s upper chambers

A

Supraventricular Arrhythmias

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25
Q

From enhances automaticity of the SA node or another pacemaker region

A

Supraventricular Arrhythmias

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26
Q

Occurs below bundle of his, when a ectopic (abnormal) pacemaker triggers a ventricular contraction

A

Ventricular Arrhythmias

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27
Q

What is the French word for twisting of points

A

Torsades de pointes

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28
Q

Prolonged QT interval

A

Torsades de pointes

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29
Q

Precipitating Causes

A

*Heart Disease
*Myocardial Infarction
*Systemic Hypertension
*Hyperkalemia/Hypokalemia
*COPD
*Thyroid Disorders
*Drug Therapy
*Toxic Doses of Cardioactive Drugs
*Increase Sympathetic Tone
*Decrease Parasympathetic Tone
*Vagal Stimulation
*Increase Oxygen
*Metabolic Disturbances
*Cor Pulmonale

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30
Q

COPD stands for

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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31
Q

COPD compose of

A

Emphysema and Bronchitis

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32
Q

escape beats and bradycardia

A

Depressed Automaticity

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33
Q

Premature beats, tachycardia and extrasystole

A

Increased Automaticity

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34
Q

The only LAB test that can definitely identify arrhythmia

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

35
Q

Determines the location of the ectopic foci

A

Electrophysiological Testing

36
Q

Can locate reentry of heart block or reentry pattern

A

His bundle study

37
Q

Electrolytes Laboratory Findings

A

a.) serum potassium: >5meg/L
b.) serum calcium : >4.5meq/L
c.) serum magnesium: <2.5 meq/L

38
Q

Moderate depression on conduction, prolongation of repolarization, which results in an increase in the QRS interval and an increase in the QT interval

A

Class 1A

39
Q

Class 1A interfere with

A

Sodium Channel Ion

40
Q

Drugs of Class 1A

A

Disopyramide
Procainamide
Quinidine

41
Q

Suppression and prevention of atrial and premature ventricular complexes

A

Disopyramide

42
Q

Frequently given than quinidine because it can be administered in IV and in Sustained release oral preparation

A

Procainamide

43
Q

Conversion & prevention of of relapse into atrial fibrillation and/or flutter and the suppression of ventricular arrhythmia

A

Quinidine

44
Q

Modest depression of conduction, shortening of repolarization, which results in a decrease in the QT interval

A

Class 1B

45
Q

Class 1B interfere with

A

Sodium Channel Ion

46
Q

Class 1C interfere with

A

Sodium Channel Ion

47
Q

Drugs of Class 1B

A

Lidocaine
Mexiletine
Phenytoin

48
Q

Used therapeutically for ventricular arrhythmia that result from acute MI and open - heart surgery

A

Lidocaine

49
Q

Reduced first pass liver metabolism, oral dose available

A

Mexiletine

50
Q

Used in patients with severe ventricular arrhythmias

A

Mexiletine

51
Q

Treatment for digitalis induced ventricular arrhythmias

A

Phenytoin

52
Q

Strong depression of conduction w/ mild or no effect on repolarization which results in a very large increase in the QRS interval

A

Class 1C

53
Q

Drugs of Class 1C

A

Flecainide
Propafenone

54
Q

Treatment for life threatening ventricular arrhythmias

A

Flecainide
Propafenone

55
Q

Slow sinus as well as AV nodal conduction, which results in decrease in heart rate and prolongation in the PR interval (atrial depolarization)

A

Class 2: Beta Blocker

56
Q

Drugs of Class 2: Beta Blocker

A

Propranolol
Esmolol
Acebutolol

57
Q

Control supraventricular arrhythmias

A

Propranolol

58
Q

Suppress severe ventricular arrhythmias in prolonged QT interval

A

Propranolol

59
Q

Treatment for digitalis induced

A

Propranolol

60
Q

Shortest t1/2

A

Esmolol

61
Q

Given to patients with atrial fibrillation

A

Acebutolol

62
Q

Prolongation of repolarization, which results to prolongation of QT interval

A

Class 3 Inh. (-) Potassium

63
Q

Class 3 inhibits

A

(-) Potassium

64
Q

Drugs of Class 3 Inh. (-) Potassium

A

Amiodarone
Sotalol
Ibutilide
Dofetilide

65
Q

Given to malignant ventricular arrhythmias

A

Amiodarone

66
Q

Treatment for supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias

A

Sotalol

67
Q

Used in the conversion of atrial fibrillation

A

Ibutilide

68
Q

Restricted access in USA in the treatment of atrial fibrillation

A

Dofetilide

69
Q

Calcium channel blockade in calcium-dependent channels, which result in reduced heart rate and an increase in the PR interval

A

Class 4: Calcium Channel Blockers

70
Q

Treatment for supraventricular arrhythmias

A

Verapamil

71
Q

First line agents for the suppression of PSVT (Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia) stemming

A

Diltiazem

72
Q

Drugs of Class 4: Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Verapamil
Diltiazem

73
Q

Blocks vagal effects on SA node

A

Atropine

74
Q

Indication of Atropine

A

Bradycardia and junctional rhythm

75
Q

Slow conduction through the AV node

A

Adenosine

76
Q

Indication of Adenosine

A

Acute supraventricular tachycardia

77
Q

Interrupts reentry pathway through the AV node

A

Adenosine

78
Q

Slowing the rate of Impulse formation in myocardium

A

Magnesium Sulfate

78
Q

Restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with PSVT

A

Adenosine

79
Q

Indication of Magnesium Sulfate

A

Treatment for Drug induced long QT syndrome

79
Q

Positive inotropic effect

A

Digoxin

80
Q

Indication of Digoxin

A

Stable, narrow complex regular tachycardia

81
Q

MOA similar to amiodarone

A

Dronedarone

82
Q

Indication of Dronedarone

A

Treatment for atrial fibrillation

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