A and P of the Skeletal System - Bones: Bone Projections and Depressions - Skeleton: Axial Skeleton/Appendicular Skeleton - Joints Flashcards
Bone Marrow
Soft tissue found inside cavities in bones; produces blood cells
Ligaments
Very strong bands of connective tissue that bind bones together at a joint
Bone
Type of connective tissue and organ of musculoskeletal system; they provide support for body and serve as sites of muscle attachements
Skeleton
Bones forming framework for body; site for skeletal muscle attachments
Joint
Point at which two bones meet; provides flexibility
Cartilage
Strong, flexible connective tissue found in several locations in body, such as covering ends of bones in synovial joint, nasal septum, external ear, eustachian tube, larynx, tracheae, bronchi, and intervertebral discs
Osteoblast
Embryonic bone cell
Osseous Tissue
Bony tissue; one of hardest tissues in body
Ossification
Process of bone formation
Osteocyte
Mature bone cells
Articular Cartilage
Layer of cartilage covering ends of bones forming synovial joint
Cancellous Bone
Bony tissue found inside a bone; contains cavities that hold red bone marrow; also called ‘spongy bone’
Compact Bone
Hard exterior surface bone; also called ‘cortical bone’
Cortical Bone
Hard exterior surface bone; also called ‘compact bone’
Diaphysis
Shaft portion of long bone
Epiphysis
Wide ends of a long bone
Flat Bone
Type of bone with thin flattened shape; examples include scapula, ribs, and pelvic bones
Irregular Bones
Type of bone having irregular shape; vertebrae are irregular bones
Long Bone
Type of bone longer than it is wide; examples include femur, humerus, and phalanges
Medullary Cavity
Large open cavity that extends length of shaft of long bone; contains yellow bone marrow
Periosteum
Membrane that covers most bones; contains numerous nerves and lymphatic vessels
Red Bone Marrow
Tissue that manufactures most of blood cells; found in cancellous bone cavities
Short Bone
Type of bone that is roughly cube shaped; carpals are short bones
Spongy Bone
Bony tissue found inside bone; contains cavities that hold red bone marrow; also called ‘cancellous bone’
Yellow Bone Marrow
Located mainly in center of diaphysis of long bones; contains mainly fat cells
Condyle
Refers to rounded portion at end of a bone
Epicondyle
Projection located above or on condyle
Fissure
Deep groove or slit-type opening
Foramen
Passage or opening through bone for nerves and blood vessels
Fossa
Shallow cavity or depression within or on surface of a bone
Head
Large ball-shaped end of a bone; may be separated from shaft of bone by area called neck
Neck
Narrow length of bone that connects ball of ball-and-socket joint to diaphysis of long bone
Process
Projection from surface of a bone
Sinus
Hollow cavity within bone
Trochanter
Large blunt process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
Tubercle
Small, rounded process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
Tuberosity
Large, rounded process that provides attachment to tendons and muscles
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) ( 7 )
Seven vertebrae in the neck region
Coccyx ( 1 )
Tailbone, three to five very small vertebrae attached to the sacrum, often become fused
Cranium ( 8 )
Skull; bones that form protective covering over brain
Ethmoid Bone ( 1 )
Cranial bone; forms part of eye orbit, nose, and floor of cranium
Facial Bones ( 10 )
Skull bones that surround mouth, nose, and eyes; muscles for chewing are attached to facial bones
Frontal Bone ( 1 )
Forehead bone of skull
Hyoid Bone
Single, U-shaped bone suspended in neck between mandible and larynx; a point of attachment for swallowing and speech muscles
Intervertebral Disk
Fibrous cartilage cushion between vertebrae
Lacrimal Bone ( 2 )
Facial Bone; inner corner of each eye
Lumbar Vertebrae ( 5 )
Five vertebrae in the small of the back, about waist level
Mandible ( 1 )
Lower jawbone; only movable bone of the skull
Maxilla ( 1 )
Upper jawbone
Nasal Bone ( 2 )
Facial bone; form part of nasal septum and support bridge of nose
Occipital Bone ( 1 )
Cranial bone; back and base of skull
Palatine Bone ( 1 )
Facial bone; hard palate roof of oral cavity and floor of nasal cavity
Parietal Bone ( 2 )
Cranial bone; upper sides of cranium and roof of skull
Rib Cage ( 12 )
Also called ‘chest cavity’; formed by curved ribs extending from vertebral column around sides and attaching to sternum; ribs are part of axial skeleton
Sacrum ( 1 )
Five vertebrae that become fused into one triangular-shaped flat bone at the base of the vertebral column
Sphenoid Bone ( 1 )
Cranial bone; bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull, floor, and sides of eye orbit
Sternum ( 1 )
Also called ‘breast bone’; part of axial skeleton and anterior attachment for ribs
Temporal Bone ( 2 )
Cranial bone; sides and base of cranium
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) ( 12 )
12 vertebrae in chest region with ribs attached
Vertebral Column (26 )
Part of axial skeleton; a column of 26 vertebrae that forms backbone and protects spinal cord; divided into five sections: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; also called ‘spinal column’
Vomer Bone ( 1 )
Facial bone; base of nasal septum
Zygomatic Bone ( 2 )
Facial bone; cheekbones
Carpals ( 16 )
Bones of wrist
Clavicle ( 2 )
Also called ‘collar bone’; bone of pectoral girdle
Femur ( 2 )
Also called ‘thigh bone’; upper leg bone
Fibula ( 2 )
Thinner, long bone in lateral side of lower leg
Humerus ( 2 )
Upper arm bone in upper extremity
Ilium ( 2 )
Part of the hipbone; one of three bones that form the os coxae or innominate bone of the pelvis
Innominate bone ( 2 )
Also called ‘os coxae’ or ‘hip bone’; pelvis portion of lower extremity; consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis and unites with sacrum and coccyx to form pelvis
Ischium ( 2 )
Part of the hipbone; one of three bones forming os coxae or innominate bone of pelvis
Metacarpals ( 10 )
Bones in palm of hand
Metatarsals ( 10 )
Forefoot bones
Os Coxae ( 2 )
Also called ‘innominate bone’ or ‘hip bone’; pelvis portion of lower extremity; consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis and unites with sacrum and coccyx to form pelvis
Patella ( 2 )
Knee cap
Pectoral Girdle ( 4 )
Consists of clavicle and scapula; functions to attach upper extremity to axial skeleton
Pelvic Girdle ( 2 )
Consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis; functions to attach lower extremity to axial skeleton
Phalanges ( 56 )
Finger bones; three in each finger and two in each thumb
Toe bones; three in each toe and two in each great toe
Pubis ( 2 )
Part of the hipbone; one of three bones that form os coxae or innominate bone
Radius ( 2 )
Forearm bone on thumb side of lower arm
Scapula ( 2 )
Also called ‘shoulder blade’; upper extremity bone
Tarsals ( 14 )
Ankle and heel bones
Tibia ( 2 )
Shin bone; thicker lower leg bone
Ulna ( 2 )
Forearm bone on little finger side of lower arm
Articulation
Another term for a joint, point where two bones meet
Bursa
Sac-like connective tissue structure found in some joints; protects moving parts from friction; some common bursa locations are elbow, knee, and shoulder joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Joint that allows slight movement but holds bones firmly in place by solid piece of cartilage; pubic symphysis is an example of a cartilaginous joint; fetal skeleton is composed of cartilaginous tissue
Fibrous Joints
Joint that has almost no movement because ends of bones are joined together by thick fibrous tissue; sutures of skull are example
Joint Capsule
Elastic capsule that encloses synovial joints
Synovial Fluid
Fluid secreted by synovial membrane in synovial joint; lubricates joint and reduces friction
Synovial Joint
Freely moving joint that is lubricated by synovial fluid
Synovial Membrane
Membrane that lines synovial joint; secretes lubricating fluid called ‘synovial fluid’
