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HOS Unit 1 > A 8 Histology of CNS > Flashcards

A 8 Histology of CNS Flashcards

0
Q

Histo appearance of GABA neuron?

A

GABA is packaged in elongated (flattened), small clear vesicles.

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1
Q

Histo appearance of Glutamate neurons?

A

Glutamate is packaged in small, clear, spherical vesicles. At glutamatergic synapses, postsynaptic membrane is electron dense.

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2
Q

Histo appearance of catecholamine neurons?

A

Catecholamines and 5HT are packaged in large, spherical, dense core vesicles.

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3
Q

How fast are slow & fast anterograde transport and what do they carry?

A

Slow: 1 mm/day, proteins and microfilaments
Fast: 100mm/day, organelles and vesicular substance

(Retrograde is always fast)

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4
Q

Bipolar neurons are found in what structures?

A

3 sensory structures: Ear, Eye, Nose. “EEN!”

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5
Q

“Slow” acting neurotransmitters, a.k.a. modulators are?

A

Categories: Neuropeptides & Steroids
Examples: Catecholamines, Serotonin, Acetylcholine

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6
Q

Fast acting neurotransmitters are?

A

Glutamate, GABA

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7
Q

Cocaine inhibits what?

A

Dopamine transporter, which clears dopamine from the synaptic cleft

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8
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is a disease of what?

A

Myelin in the CNS is attacked & degraded.

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes can myelinate how many axons?

A

many, up to 50

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11
Q

Fibrous astrocytes have what characteristics?

A

-Found in white matter
-Few & long
“Few are white” mneumonic

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11
Q

Astrocytes do what?

A
  • control composition of extracellular fluid
  • release glutamate, increasing excitation of local neurons
  • Form foot processes around blood vessels, but do NOT contribute to tight junctions.
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12
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes have what characteristics?

A
  • Many Short & branched

- Found in gray matter

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13
Q

Ependymal cells do what?

A
  • Form leaky brain-to-CSF barrier in brain and spinal cord

- Ciliated simple columnar cells move the CSF

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14
Q

Microglia do what?

A
  • Phagocytose

- Release proteases & free radicals

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15
Q

Choroid Plexus is what?

A
  • Simple cuboidal cell villi covering capillaries
  • Its epithelial cells form tight blood-to-CSF barrier. These touch the ependymal epithelial cells (which don’t contribute to the barrier)
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16
Q

Nerve fiber= ?

A

-Axon plus covering. (myelination)

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17
Q

T/F Unmyelinated axons are surrounded by Schwann cells?

A

True

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18
Q

In what order are cortex layers laid?

A

6-5-4-3-2-1-White

19
Q

3 layers of cerebellum are?

A

Out->In:
Molecular
Purkinje
Granular

21
Q

Endoneurium is secreted by what, and made up of which type of collagen?

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Type 3
  • Some fibroblasts
  • surround a nerve fiber
22
Q

Perineurium consists mostly of what?

A

-Flattened fibroblasts surrounding fassicles (clusters of nerve fibers)

22
Q

Compared to autonomic ganglion, a sensory ganglion has what appearance?

A
  • satellite cells tightly packed around neurons
  • neuronal cell bodies are clustered
  • nucleoli tend to be in the center of the cell body.
  • (Also note there is no synapse here)
23
Q

Epineurium consists of what?

A

-Dense connective tissue w/ Type 1 collagen and fibroblasts surrounding entire nerve

24
Q

A column is what?

A
  • Functionally related axons

- Perpendicular to cortex

25
Q

what is the most common type of neuron?

A

multipolar

26
Q

A layer, lamina, strata is what?

A
  • Functionally related cells

- Parallel to cortex

27
Q

Funiculus is what?

A

-Several parallel tracts in the CNS (the tracts would be functionally related to themselves but maybe not to each other)

28
Q

Fasciculus/fascicle -> funiculus, commissure, peduncle, lemniscus are what?

A
  • Anatomic grouping of cell axons (maybe not functionally related)
  • Lemniscus indicates crescent shape
  • Peduncle indicates short & stubby shape
  • In the CNS, a group of Fascicles make a Funiculus
29
Q

Tract is what?

A
  • USUALLY functionally related axons (that would then form into groups called fascilulus/lemniscus/commissure
  • Usually named by its origin and insertion
30
Q

what is nissl substance?

A

rough ER in a nerve cell

31
Q

what is a neurofilament?

A

an intermediate filament of a nerve cell. Note: these are argyrophilic

32
Q

what is lipofuscin?

A

garbage material left in a cell and stored in a lysosome. Every cell accumulates this but since nerve cells live so long, they accumulate a lot of it.

33
Q

what is the axolemma?

A

the plasma membrane covering the axon.

34
Q

what are two other names for a cell body?

A

perikaryon and soma

35
Q

which are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

A

catacholamines (epi, norepi, dopamine) as well as serotonin.

36
Q

the neurotransmitter glutamate is excitatory/inhibitory?

A

excitatory

37
Q

If a neuron makes the GABA neurotransmitter, what type of neuron is it?

A

Gabaergic. The neuron is named for the neurotransmitter that it releases.

38
Q

What is the function of a neuromodulator?

A

to modify the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

39
Q

what are the two glial cells in the PNS called?

A

satellite cells

Schwann cells

40
Q

How many neurons can a schwann cell myelinate?

A

only one neuron! it can wrap up many neurons but only myelinate one.

41
Q

what are the two layers of the Dura matter called?

A

periosteal and menigeal layer of the Dura matter

42
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

Endothelial cells with very tight junctions.

43
Q

How do local anesthetics work on the nerve?

A

they block the Na+ channels necessary for impulse transmission.

44
Q

Does regeneration of a nerve occur in the body?

A

Yes but only minimally in the PNS. The portion of the nerve distal to the lesion dies and the schwann cells help direct/regrow the distal portion again.

45
Q

In the CNS, a group of fasciculi are called what?

A

funiculus

46
Q

which type of glial cell is derived from bone marrow?

A

microglia

HOS Unit 1 (13 decks)

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