A 4 Flashcards
Gram positive bacteria secrete blebs of what?
LTA (Lipotechoic acid)
Gram negative bacteria secrete blebs of what?
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and endotoxins
Extracellular bacteria stimulate the release of what?
Inflammatory cytokines.
which molecule released by bacteria act as a chemoattractant for PMN’s?
fMLP (bacteria initiate protein synthesis with methionine linked to a formyl group.
CC (cystine-cystein) does what?
Cause migration of monocytes and lymphocytes (CCL2)
CxC (cystein-protien-cystein) does what?
migration of PMN’s (CXCL8)
where are cytokines made?
Immune cells (Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells) mainly but also;
epithelial cells
endothelial cells
fibroblasts
what is a pleiotropic cytokine?
acts on many different cells types and not just one.
what is a multifunctional cytokine?
same cytokine mediates several different functions.
Cytokines initiate and regulate which 3 responses?
1) innate immune response
2) adaptive immune response
3) hematopoiesis (growth factors)
what are the 4 localized pro-inflammatory cytokines of acute (innate) inflamation?
TNF, IL1,6,8. (CXCL 8 = IL-8)
cytokine receptors are called what?
PRR (pattern recognition receptors) and cytokine receptors
what is CSF in immunology?
Colony stimulating factor (promotes growth), often given to cancer patients to prevent the left shift of granulocytopenia.
What does IFN gamma do?
critical for killing intracellular bacteria through T-cells and NK cells.
what is normally higher in the liver albumin or globulin?
albumin
If the ratio of albumin to globulin decreases what does this suggest?
Inflammation (A/G ratio reversed = inflammation)
Bacteria induce macrophages to make IL6 which has what effect?
It causes the liver to shift protein synthesis from a lot of albumin to a lot of globulin promoting inflammation.
what do MBL (mannose binding lectin) and ficolins do?
they bind carbohydrates on the pathogen surface providing a bridge linking the immune system to the pathogen. (lectin pathway of complement)
which TLR’s are responsible for extracellular recognition? Which are for Gram Pos/ Gram Neg?
- 1,2,4,5,6
- Positive: 1,2,6
- Neg: 4
which TLR’s are responsible for intracellular pathogen recognition?
3,7,8,9 (receptor faces inward such as in a vacuole)
Once stimulated, what do the TLR’s do?
They initiate NFkB transcription factors leading to cytokine synthesis.
Describe apoptosis?
single cells cell membrane intact (blebs) cell shrinks no inflammation removed by phagocytes
Describe necrosis?
cell and surroundings affected
cell membrane is leaky
cells swells and all functions cease
inflammation
If you see pus, it is most likely from?
PMN’s that have engulfed extracellular bacteria.
Acute inflammation is taken care of by?
innate immunity
chronic inflammation is taken care of by?
adaptive immunity
What are 4 cytokines of chronic (adaptive) inflammation?
IFN gamma, IL 2,4,5
If you see a granuloma, this is a hallmark of what?
intracellular organisms associated with chronic inflammation.
Rubor?
Calor?
Tumor?
Dolor?
1) erythema
2) heat
3) swelling
4) pain
T/F arthritis and cancer are types of inflammation?
True just like infection is.
what is the rebuck skin window?
a way to study cell migration (immune cells). Abrade skin and place cover slip, remove and replace at specific times. Stain slips from different times to see which cells migrated to the area.
what is the order of leukocyte migration?
1) PMN’s (1-2 hours)
2) monocytes
3) macrophage (mature in 24 hours)
4) lymphocytes
where are most PMN’s located?
95% are in circulation.
how do PMN’s get through the endothelial cells?
1) bind P selectins (rolling)
2) bind E selectins (stopping)
other factors that help PMN’s to move form blood to tissue include?
1) Integrins from the leukocytes themselves
2) ICAMS and CXCL8 from endothelial cells.
(Recall integrins bind ICAMS)
where is the only place where leukocytes can exit the cardiovascular system?
slow moving veins.
T/F inflammation initiates wound healing?
True
Type 1 Interferons (IFN alpha & B, for ex) are primarily produced by what kind of cell?
-Non-immune cells
