9B

Question 1

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Answer 1

Is the transference of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated egg cell

Question 2

SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)

Answer 2

1. Enucleation, Removal or destruction of the nucleus from the donated egg cell to produce an enucleated egg cell
2. Extraction , The donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted.
3. Insertion, The somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into the enucleated egg cell.
4. Development, following insertion. The cell begins to divide and develop into an embryo, which is then impanted into a surrogate mother. the pregnancy then continues as normal.

Question 3

Embryo Splitting

Answer 3

• the cell begins to divide after a successful fertilisation.
• after, an embryo is formed
• if the embryo is split during the early stages of embryonic development
• each individual section will develop as an indpenendent embryo
  this makes it possible to produce two or more genetically identical offsprings.

Question 4

Short Definition for Embryo Splitting

Answer 4

• Is a division of an early embryo that splits into several individual embryos

Question 5

in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Answer 5

• when an egg is fertilised outside of the body

Question 6

Plant Tissue Culturing

Answer 6

• the cloning of plant cells on a nutrient culture medium in a controlled environment

Question 7

Callus

Answer 7

• a mass of plants cells

Question 8

Plant Cutting

Answer 8

• the growth of plants using a fragment of the original plant
• when someone cuts off a fragment of a plant such as a leaf, stem, or root. and then put into the correct or identical environment (Soil or water, under the correct conditions)
• the plant cutting will grow, and produce a clone of the original plant

Question 9

Plant Grafting

Answer 9

• is the attachment of two individual plant stems together
• involves attaching the stem of one plant (the scion) to the stem of another plant with an already developed root system (the rootstock).
• after time, these two sections will:
  - gorw and fuse together
• this produces a clone of the plant from which the scion was taken from

Question 10

Scion

Answer 10

• the upper stem of a plant used in grafting

Question 11

Scion

Answer 11

• the lower stem of a plant used in grafting

Question 12

Benefits of cutting and grafting

Answer 12

• allows rapid growth of the desired plant
• grafting can help provide plants with:
  - cold tolerance
  - resistance to disease
  - increased productivity

Question 13

Implications of plant cloning

Answer 13

• when cloning plants it could lead to a reduction in genetic diversity
• therefore, a clones population of plants will be more susceptible to dieases, pests, and environmental change
  compared to natural population which hsa a high genetic diversity

Question 14

Two main Reproductive Cloning technologies for Animals

Answer 14

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNF)
• Embryo Splitting

Question 15

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Answer 15

• involves the transfer of a somatic cell nucleus which an egg cell will be enucleated.
• the enucleated egg cell is then implanted into a surrogate mother
• the surrogate mother is to then produce a cloned offspring

Question 16

Embryo Splitting

Answer 16

• involves the fertilisation of egg cells and splitting of early embryonic cells
• this produces multiple clones offpsrings

Question 17

Three main Reproductive Cloning Technologies

Answer 17

• Plant Tissue Culturing
• Plant Cuttings
• Plant Grafting

Question 18

Ethical Issues related to Cloning

Answer 18

• suffering of animals
• premature ageing
• controversy surrounding the potential of human cloning
  Furthermore, cloning in general may lead to a decrease in genetic diversity
  This leaves species and populations to be more susceptible to disease, pests, and environmental changes.